Undertake cross-border analysis of the gendered impacts of climate induced hazards in Zimbabwe

ADP	Annual Development Progarmme
AfDB	African Development Bank
AGRITEX	Agricultural Extension Services
CBFEWS	Community Based Flood Early Warning Systems
CBOs	Community Based Organization
CFSVA	Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment
CPC	Civil Protection Committee
CERF	Central Emergency Response Fund
CRVA	Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
CSO	Civil Society Organization
DCCMS	Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services
DCP	Department of Civil Protection (DCP)
DCPCC	District Civil Protection Coordination Committee
DDPs	District Development Plans
DDRMC	District Disaster Risk Management Committee
DNA	Designated National Authority
DNCC	District Nutrition Coordination Committee
DRM	Disaster Risk Management
DRMA	Disaster Risk Management Act
DRMIS	Disaster Risk Management Information System
DRP Act.	Disaster Relief and Preparedness Act
DRR	Disaster Risk Reduction
DSWO	District Social Welfare Office
DWR	Department of Water Resources
EAD	Environmental Affairs Department
EOC	Emergency Operations Centre
EUMETCast	EUMETCast Europe
EWS	Early Warning System
FAO	Food and Agricultural Organization
FEWS	Flood Early Warning System
FEWSNET	Famine Early Warning System Network
FGD	Focus Group Discussion
FISP	Farm Input Subsidy Programme
INFORM	Index For Risk Management
GAM	Global Acute Malnutrition
GBV	Gender Based Violence
GCF	Green Climate Fund
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
GFDRR	Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery
GFS	Gravity Fed Systems
GHI	Global Hunger Index
GIS	Geographical Information System
GNI	Gross National Income
GSD	Geological Survey Department
GVH	Group Village Headmen
GVH	Group Village Headmen
HCT	Humanitarian Country Team
HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIES	Household Income and Expenditure Survey
ICS	incidence command system
ICTZ	Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
IDP	Internally Displaced Persons
IDSR	International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
IEC	Information Education and Communication
IFAD	International Fund for Agriculture
ILO	International Labor Organization
IOM	International Organization for Migration
IPCC	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IVR	Interactive Voice Response
KII	Key Informant Interview
MDG	Millennium Development Goals
MICS	Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys,
MSD	Meteorological services Department
MSMEs	Micro Small and Medium Enterprises
NAP	National Adaptation Funds
NCPCC	National Civil Protection Coordination Committee
NDC	Nationally Determine Contribution
NEOC	National Emergency Operations Centre
NEC	national emery center
NGOs	Non-Governmental Organizations
NWP	Numerical Weather Prediction
PDNA	Post Disaster Needs Assessment
PiN	People in Need
REOC	Regional Emergency Operations Centre
RDC	Rural development council
SADD	Age, Sex , Disaggregated and Disability Data
SARCOF	Southern Africa Regional Climate Outlook Forum
SDGs	Sustainable Development Goals
SGBV	Sexual and Gender Based Violence
SME	Small and Medium Enterprise
SoD	standing orders on disaster
SoP	Standard Operating Procedures
TA or T/A	Traditional Authority
TWG	Technical Working Group
UHF	Ultra High Frequency
UN	United Nations
UN Women	United Nations Women Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNFPA	United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF	United Nation Children’s Fund
UNOPS	United Nations Office for Projects Services
UNRCO	United Nations Office of the Resident Coordinator’s Office.
VDC	Village Development Committee
VHF	Very High Frequency
VSLA	Village Savings and Loans Associations
WASH	Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WLO	Women Led Organization
WMO	World Meteorological Organization
ZimVAC	Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee
ZimStat	Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency

1.0 Introduction

The cross-border assessment being intended to analyze the gendered impacts of climate-induced hazards in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Zimbabwe seeks to explore how gender groups ( women, girls, children, persons with disability, men, and elderly) those Southern Africa are differently impacted by climate change in terms of the physiological, political, economic and societal causes for the differences experienced; the current coping and adaptation strategies and capacities to climate-induced disasters and variability the group adopts; the capacity of women and men be strengthened to better adapt to climate change and climate variability; explore the role of women and women-led organizations in disaster preparedness and response planning and to; review key DRM policies in target countries and identify key entry points for gender integration.

1.1 Assessment Methodology

The methodological approaches of assessment follow through several strategic tools e.g., semi-structured Key Informant Interview (KII) interviews with key stakeholders (sector ministries/departments, UN Agencies, INGO, CSOs) for investigating the Key DRR Frameworks and Structures are in place, what are the stakeholder engagement and coordination mechanisms, the Impacts of Climate-Induced Disasters over the gendered group, etc. Comprehensive Desk reviews of all policy, strategy, and sectoral documents, reports, studies, etc., on DRM, DRR, and CCA.

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with semi-structure conducted with climate frontline vulnerable community in remote vulnerable areas and investigation the Impacts of Climate-Induced Disasters over the gendered group (women, girls, children, persons with disability, men and elderly), etc. Desk review of all policy strategies and Review of early warning ICT and MIS systems relating to disaster risk management and informed planning.

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Assessment Methodology

1.2 Multi-hazard Background of the study area ( Zimbabwe)

The Zimbabwean geographical & geological settings, terrain topography, and positioning over the Sub-tropical climatological zone made the country highly vulnerable to hydrometeorological hazards. The part of the transboundary Zambezi River catchment also covered the Zimbabwean landscape areas and internally two basins, e.g., the Shire River catchment area and Lake Zimbabwean catchment area horological active flood-prone zone. Any given circumstances of sudden occurrence of heavy rainfall are likely to trigger flash flooding in downstream settlements. The climate risk and vulnerability are factored in for the following reasons.

Proximity of Indian west coast of Indian ocean: Vulnerability to western Indian ocean tropical cyclone. Indian Ocean is spawning strong and deadly tropical cyclones.
Positioning of Intertropical Convergence Zones or Doldrums area: Largely impacted by ICTZ, subtropical meteorology, Subtropical climatology, and El Nino. During the October-November-December (OND) season, erratic rainfall alternated between below-average and above-average patterns in the region, etc. Several studies show that the warm Mozambique Channel becomes favorable for the development of TC because of synoptic conditions.

Buildup of settlements structures and other elements in lower flood prone areas causing the larger loss and damaged for the rapid onset

Figure 1 : Map showing the transboundary river basins crossing over the Zimbabwe

1.2 Historical background the disaster impacts on Zimbabwe.

EM-Dat database (1975-2023) shows the country has endured various natural hazards, including droughts, epidemic diseases, floods, and storms over the past century. From 1900 to 2017, events captured in the database for Zimbabwe include 7 drought events, 22 epidemic episodes, 12 floods, and 5 storms, which resulted in total deaths of 7000 people, with more than 20 million people affected, and total damage estimates of 950 million USD. Major droughts have severely impacted the country’s GDP growth. The number of people affected and economic loss caused by droughts have increased considerably. For instance, the drought episode in 2007 affected 6 million individuals, and the drought in 2013 caused economic damage of up to 500 million USD in addition to affecting over 4 million residents. Epidemic diseases, particularly bacterial and parasitic types, contribute to a significant portion of total deaths and total affected people by natural hazards. Floods also generate large human and economic losses. As of 2017, the EM-DAT database includes a total of 9 riverine floods, affecting over 300 thousand people, killing over 270 people, and leading to monetary loss of above 270 million USD. Moreover, analysis by Hallegatte et al. shows Zimbabwe is one of the six countries[1]. where the poor are overexposed (or 50% more likely) to the impacts of floods than nonpoor people

Drought in Zimbabwe is linked to the warm El-Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific Ocean, which has worsened since the 1980s[2]. Zimbabwe, drought occurs countrywide almost once every two years, but it is chronic in semi-arid agro-ecological regions IV and V and slowly spreading to the rest of the country because of seasonal shifts and increased dryness. Zimbabwe has experienced the most devastating natural disaster in the country’s recorded history. Cyclone Idai hit the eastern part of Zimbabwe on 15th March 2019[3]. Strong winds and heavy rain totaling 200mm to 600mm (equivalent to 1–2 seasons) caused flash flooding across parts of the provinces of Manicaland, Mashonaland East, and Masvingo, which

[1] Hallegatte et al. (2017): Unbreakable. Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. URL: https:// openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/25335

[2] ZIMBABWE NATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLAN December 2012-November 2013

[3] Zimbabwe Rapid Impact and Needs Assessment (RINA), 20219

are home to 44 % of the country’s population. At least 344 people have been recorded dead at least 257 people are still missing, and about 60,000 people have been displaced by the Cyclone.

Figure2 : Zimbabwe, Disaster events (1975-2023) : Source EM-DAT

The above disaster distribution graph shows that over the last 48 years, Zimbabwe has experienced droughts, floods, and tropical cyclones and, incidentally, the highest incidence of cholera/diarrheal outbreaks in the aftermath of heavy rainfall and cyclone-induced flooding, which represents inadequate disaster preparedness and response mechanisms the last mile.

The Zimbabwean Population is estimated to be about 16.2 million(2023). 68% currently reside in rural areas, while only 32% live in urban areas (ZimStat, 2017). In the gender development index 2022, Zimbabwe ranked 159 out of 193, which shows that the country’s largest female population lives in abject poverty, gender inequality, and inadequate gendered risk-informed development.

2.0 Existing key DRR Frameworks and Approach

Assessment conducted with semi-structured Key Informant Interview (KII) interviews with key with stakeholders (sector ministries/department, UN Agencies, INGO, CSOs engaged with DRM/DRR service deliveries ) through following questionnaires ;

2.1 What are the key policies/strategies frameworks in DRR in assessment countries ? (Challenges and recommendations)

Respondent: Department of Civil Protection (DCP) of Ministry of Local Government of Zimbabwe ( DRM policies/strategies frameworks)

The Government of Zimbabwe developed Zimbabwe National Contingency Plan December 2012-November 2013, the National Climate Policy (2016), the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) (2015), the Zimbabwe National Farmwork for Climate Services 2019, Zimbabwe Crisis Response Plan 2022, Zimbabwe Civil Protection Act of 1989, Zimbabwe Crisis Response Plan 2020 – 2021, Disaster Risk Management Strategic Plan 2016–2020. In the Department of Civil Protection (DCP) of the Ministry of Local Government of Zimbabwe, the Deputy Director mentioned that the Disaster Risk Management Strategy was developed and is waiting for cabinet approval in June. The Disaster Risk Management Plan (WB) is still to be finalized; the National Disaster Risk Management Communication Plan was developed to communicate risk information with the community.

Challenges of key DRM policies and strategies :

The Deputy Director, on behalf of the Department of Civil Protection(DCP) of the Ministry of Local Government of Zimbabwe, The assessment being conducted with the semi-structured questionnaire on asking the key DRR/DRM policies/strategies, what are the level of gender inclusivity in planning and responsive budgeting(DRR/DRM) at the all levels, what are the current structure and process of the early warning system, what are the efficiency and efficacy of early warnings messages, how the community are understanding and receiving early warnings at the community level and what are the indicative gaps and recommendations on improvements. Exploring multistakeholder-led coordination mechanisms at district and local levels, gender participation in local DRR planning and decision-making process, risk data collection, etc., and recommendations on closing the gaps. The assessment focuses on DRR/DRM governance mechanism, coordination structures, and gender integration in the local decision-making process enhancement of women-led organizations (WLO) in local DRR and resilience-building initiatives. The assessment explores the indicative gender inequality gap and key recommendations for the gender empowerment DRR/DRM process.

The GoZ is still to formulate strategy, guidelines, tools, and processes to comprehensively conduct the climate and risk and vulnerability assessment (CRVA) at the National, sub-national (District), and local levels (TA & Village Level), developing elements e.g. Geographical features, physical built-in infrastructures(communication network, household structures, basic utility services structures, institutes, core family shelters, market place, CSD, Clios, flood proofing structures, spatial elements, settlements etc.), nature resources, sectoral elements, land use, landcover, environmental resources, geomorphological, geological hydrological resources, etc., and finally developing CRVA database, customized GIS maps ( District, TA, Village level) showing elements specific risk and vulnerability, risk ranking.
Historical Multi-hazard Risk atlas(types), risk ranking (administrative layer – national, sub-national, and local level) , admin layer-wise GIS map showing the risk pocket and hotspot of multi-hazard, e.g. river bank flooding prone areas, flash flooding, landslide, debris fall, mudslide, flood-prone wetlands, lower flood plain areas, flood-prone cropping areas etc. for informing disaster preparedness and prevention measures, household settlements construction, installation of basic service delivery structure/infrastructure etc.
Information digitization process: The Government of Zimbabwe has not yet developed a database on disaster risk reduction, which is essential to inform the disaster risk management of the country (Prevention Preparedness, response, and recovery)
Gender equality in local legislation and policy planning and decision-making process.
Gender inclusivity in policies and strategies comes as gender affirmative or gender reactive (recognizing the role of gender) for mainstreaming gender empowerment in DRM/DRR Planning, policy, strategy, programming, and interventions at the national, subnational, and local levels.
Gender-responsive budgeting process
Insufficient allocation of Fiscal year ADP budgets for ministries/departments and district councils to undertake DRR interventions at the community level.
District-level budgets for emergency preparedness and response are not available.
The National Civil Protection Committee (NCPC) has limited areas of interventions for disaster response, and they are also not active in all areas
Insufficient structure and process (methodological, tools, and guidelines) stakeholder participation, coordination, needs assessment technical working group ( NATWG) of Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZIMVAC) for conducting CRVA and PDNA, Rapid needs assessment, MICS, Clusters climate risk and vulnerability assessment
- District councils have limited capacity to carry out climate risk and vulnerability assessments on time.

Recommendation:

Standard Operating Procedure (SoP) for Provinces, Districts, and level Civil Protection Coordination Committees
60 Rural districts having DRM plans, Development of DRM plans for every 35000 villages
Every district has a local authority ( local government) – urban district, district council is rural district,
Development of Disaster risk management and climate change adaptation plan
Development of Terms of Reference ( 5W) all infused in plan, every – hazard management by certain hazard experts- EMA , every hazard management by specific experts,
Gender—markers—plans—cross-cutting issues—planning team of Ministry of Women Affairs—help integrate issues of gender—DRM-Preparedness, hazards women are more affected by.
Ministry of Women’s affairs needs to develop Gender markers/gender tools and mandates for gender-responsive DRR planning

Respondent : Gender Department of Ministry of Women Affairs ( DRM policies/strategies frameworks)

Policies are gender reactive and affirmative, and Zimbabwe designated gender focal points at the district level.
Inadequate level of consideration of the gender marker in key DRR/DRM policy and strategy development, exploring the level of gender integration in policy/strategy and local decision-making process, gender-responsive budgeting to address DRR/DRM resilience building, what are the indicative gaps and capturing the recommendations. Explore the level of women-led organizations developing women-led smallholder farming and entrepreneurship development. Exploring the gaps in understandability of early warning by the local level committee, what are the key early warning message development and dissemination gaps and recommendations. Exploring the coping mechanism of differential gender groups in DRR/DRM at the local level and key recommendations.
There are indicative gaps in gender mainstreaming in district and community-level policies and planning issues
Although the government advised sector ministries for 50-50 gender proportionately to local legislation, inevitable gendered climate and risk-informed hurdles gender-responsive community level local DRM/DRR/CCA scheme design and implementation.
Male domination in the local power structure and patriarchal domination at the household level left women isolated from participating in decision-making process,
Issues of resources—Women have no access to leadership, local agroecological, fertile agricultural land, barren land, and other environmental resources for sustainably utilizing for IGA, and they don’t have access to control of resources.

Recommendations :

Refresher training for the sectoral technical experts/leaseholders on climate risk-informed development and risk-informed gender-responsive planning and budgeting
Gender focal person for facilitating local authority, Committee over the gender-integration in DRM/DRR/CCA planning and integration issue
Recommendations on gender response budget – sector departments are working at the district and ward levels.
Strategy, tools, methodology development for Gendered DRM Capacity building local authority level on gender-responsive budgeting, looking at issues for DRR, Manual, guidelines on assist them in planning and budgeting
Development of guidance on gendered DRM/DRR planning and budgeting allocation for local authority

Respondent : UNDP , Zimbabwe ( DRM policies/strategies frameworks)

Background: The DRM Act, which kicked off in 2015, is under review. Now, parliament is approving it. The principles have already been approved. In the Zimbabwe context, parliament needs to approve the policy, strategy, and law.

Challenges & Recommendations :

The strict government control over the land, which is a key indicator barrier for marginalized climate-vulnerable women/households, are not able to do massive farming for the DRR.
Lack of context-specific evacuation plans is not an effective guide for evacuating populations.
Inadequate climate risk and vulnerability assessment, post-disaster loss, damage, and Needs Assessment (PDNA)
The DRM Act was drafted in 2015 and is now in parliament’s approval process. However, even without DRM laws, the institutional barrier persists to mandating stakeholders about DRM planning, stakeholder responsibilities, and engagement in DRM and DRR resilience building at the local level.
Natural disaster – evacuation plan not effective

Recommendations :

District-level local government needs to mandate DRR measures to identify their own hazards.
In the Zimbabwe context, the parliament needs to approve the policy, strategy, and law. DPC’s absence of laws already means actions are taking place at the national level.
DCP needs to mandate every district to develop a contingency plan.
DCPs need to govern the Rural Development Council (RDC), which gathers community data (a UNDP-developed template) to inform district-level decisions.
After the DRM Act is approved, it would be much better for DCPs and other stakeholders to coordinate interventions to reduce disaster in Zimbabwe through Relationship Vulnerability/risk reduction, knowledge sharing, and early warning at the local level.
DRM contingency plans need to be in Local knowledge for local-level understanding.
Multi-stakeholder coordinated DRM plan.
In terms of the level policy translation to action on the ground, DCP needs to mandate the whole value chain of DRM, including recovery (newly set), in terms of the tools, partner supporting tools, disaster lost database tools, DCP locally using track losses, interventions, a thematic working group to update the database,
DCP needs to coordinate a local, thematic working group on crop loss and crop damage in agriculture, weather trends from MSD, L & D, and regular updates to the DRMIS/ DMIS database.
DCP needs to develop a standard operating procedure to full-fledged operationalization of the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) at Harare, which the Higher Life Foundation-supported DCP installed, the cell phone company Econet-supported equipment, computers so that DPC can able to track events in real-time evidence-based decision making, information readily available by the different thematic working group,. UNDP supported DCP over capacity enhancement. Kobo-toolbox developed forms/templates for L & D assessment after disaster, building capacity in recovery.
DCP need to anchor ZimVAC and other regional early warning networks for supporting an integrated EWS for all to support DRM comprehensively, DRR, CCA informed planning and interventions of the country
The Local Partner and stakeholder mapping required,

Respondent : Hope for a Child in Christ (HOCIC) Zimbabwe ( DRM policies/strategies frameworks)

WLO needs to play a pivotal role in gender integration in DRR/DRM policy and strategy development and the local decision-making process. Gender-responsive budgeting to address DRR/DRM resilience building, identify indicative gaps, and capture recommendations. Explore the level of women-led organizations in supporting women-led smallholder farming and entrepreneurship development.

Challenges:

The district has a gender focal person and committees to address gender issues, but it lacks gendered climate risk vulnerability datasets and disaggregated datasets for informing the DRM,DRR, and CCA planning and interventions process.
Inadequate gender inclusivity to key DRR/DRM policies/strategies,
understandability and receiving of early warnings at the community level
Inadequate multistakeholder-led coordination mechanism at district and local level, gender participation in local DRR planning and decision-making process, risk data collection etc
District planning meetings are mostly dominated by male decision-makers, female representation is inadequate, and gender disparity is mainly evident.

Recommendations :

Develop Gender DRM Framework (Province, District, Ward, Village level),
Develop a Gendered climate risk-informed network (online) for supporting government gender-responsive planning
Provisioning gender access to the local decision-making process.
Access to local agroecology and agricultural lands for women-led DRR and green entrepreneurship development.
Capacity building of actors in gender-responsive sectoral planning

Respondent : Zimbabwe Youth Council ( DRM policies/strategies frameworks)

Inadequate policy provision for engaging youths (girls/boys) in local-level DRR and DRM process,
Systemic gaps of gender-sensitive DRR/DRM policy rather than gender responsive and program officer provide some key recommendations of gender integration in the local decision-making process.

Recommendations :

Gendered DRM framework for youth group
Ensure Youth group well representation in DRM planning and strategy development

2.2 With regards to Early Warning, Prevention, and preparedness information, how is this accessed at the community level ( Challenges of developing dissemination of timely and precision level early warnings )

Existing EWS system:

The Meteorological Services Department (MSD) is not fully equipped with weather obsecration, developing impact forecasts bulletins, and advisories. MSD has 47 synoptic stations, 12 of which provide data to the Global Telecommunication System (GTS), nine aviation stations, and one is an upper air station. MSD also operates almost 500 volunteer rainfall stations and 20 AWS, which is still inadequate in developing nowcasting services nationwide.

A general early warning system is in place with the MSD disseminating information on daily, weekly, and seasonal weather predictions through mobile phones, radio, and newspapers. Currently, the information dissemination is being carried out by the Agricultural Extension Services (AGRITEX) officers in organized emergency participatory meetings with the Civil Protection Coordination Committee (CPCC) at the local level. The education institutes also play a role in disseminating the students to their parents.

Information is transmitted across the relaying loop through cell phones, WhatsApp, group discussions, and people-to-people contacts. The major obstacle is that most of the time, the information is in English and the Shona language (there are other languages) as well, which poses a challenge to other linguistic communities in understanding the message.

The duration, timeliness, and accuracy of the information.

The Postal and Telecommunications Authority of Zimbabwe (POTRAZ) has worked several times with mobile network operators to dispatch early warning or early action messages to at-risk people. While there is no legal basis to ensure the full participation of existing mobile network operators (ECONET, NETONE, TELONE) in early warning and preparedness, the results of the voluntary cooperation model have been largely positive.

Currently, government is disseminating weather bulletins over the following modalities;

Early Warning Community Radios
Social Media
Virtual Weather Recording Studio
WhatsApp
Bulk Short Message Service
Website
Print and electronic media

Challenges

Low appreciation of the socio-economic value of the Met services.
Insufficient funding.
Old and outdated equipment
Low visibility of products and services
Lack of effective mechanisms for collaboration with academic institutions.
Reliance on external players (HPC, donated equipment ).
The climate data gaps and the management system have data format compatibility problems.
Attrition of trained staff.
Bad debtors. Cost recovery issues.
Customers want products and services for free.

Respondent : UNDP ( Early Warning)

Challenges :

The current dissemination system takes time to inform the last-lime community about better preparedness, e.g., CPCCs, Early Warning Community Radios(broadcast limitations), Social Media, WhatsApp, Bulk Short Message Service, etc., which is inadequate in real-time rapid-onset multi-hazard warning.
Disaster Management Committees are not established at the District and Local levels to support early warning dissemination, forecast-based early actions, etc.
Limited capacity and understandability of CPCCs on rapid onset disaster impacts

Recommendations :

Figure 3: Proposed coordination structure for improving early warning and functional EOC at Harare to play pivotal roles in DRM.

Recommendation :

DCP needs to develop a standard operating procedures to full-fledged operationalization of the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) at Harare by linking national hydrometeorological services organizations (NMHS)for and developing impact-based weather forecasts, operational forecasts for the climate-vulnerable sectors
MSD needs to improve its weather observation network, information generation, and development of precision-level impact forecasts for the sectors, vulnerable communities, and every Province/District/Ward/Village level to support contingency planning and enable contingency planning decision-makers to use impact forecasts rather than traditional and scientific knowledge to make informed decisions.
Mandating National Media outlets ( Radio/TM), MSD, and NMHS in developing and disseminating special weather bulletins in case of impending cyclones that are likely to take trails over the eastern part of Zimbabwe, with heavy thundershowers and high winds that could cause Loss and damage.
Impact-based weather forecasts of sudden onset multi-hazards (thereunder storm, heavy rainfall, damaging winds, tornadoes, depression-induced thundershower etc) for the sector, women-headed households,
Risk-informed tools ZimVAC to support sectors
Detailed disaster shelter mapping, Risk & resource atlas supported contingency plans, informed emergency evacuation guidelines for
Contingency plans are district-level and need to be informed by GIS-based tools
Forecast-based early warning
Online platform required for disseminating impact weather forecasts.
Policy to provide information dissemination at the grassroots level, enabling the environment for the right time and the right time.
DCP need to anchor ZimVAC and other regional early warning networks for supporting an integrated EWS for all to support DRM comprehensively, DRR,CCA informed planning and interventions of the country

Respondent : Department of Civil Protection ( Early Warning)

Over the background discussing about the DRM structure and existing EWS system the DCP mentioned that the nodal agency standardizing the planning process, every province has provincial disaster risk management plan, every district has development plan and need standardized the plan, World Vision working with DCP for standardizing the local level plans, to date out of 60 rural districts only 21 districts standardized their plans, at local authority level 72 of local authorities (out of 92 local authorities) having plan. DCP planning to develop the district level disaster risk management and climate change adaptation plan. In government DRM plannings gender comes as cross cutting issues but not in. DCP recommended Properly constructed emergency evacuation center, every ward should have an evacuation center.

Challenges :

Zimbabwe having National Disaster Risk communication plan – guidelines how to communicate with community, but it needs to be mobile apps based for wider uses.
National AM radio and TV still not being mandated to broadcasts emergency weather bulletin and not having broadcasting frequency all aerographical coverage of Zimbabwe
The cellphone operators also still not having network coverage of the whole country to transmit text messages to every geographic locations. Still significant proportion of population (urban 40% , rural 60%) out of mobile coverages and to access SMS services with their own/understandable language. However, some private FM radio are broadcasting only in some urban centers.
Current set of forecast dissemination and translating forecasts to multi-hazard impeding risk being following through techno-indigenousness system which taking time to reach to individual people living at remote and hard to reach areas. In normal circumstances MSD develop and the Agritex officer presence at local level and interpret risk over the organized meeting with the civil protection coordination committees ate Province, district, ward and village level (PCPCC, DCPCC, WCPCC, VCPCC) local chief/ local head man and discuss forecasts and risks. Local radio station ( FM) and disseminate phone WhatsApp group.
Forecast are noting broadcasting through national AM radio/TV with multilingual and as special weather bulletin which is outmost urgent to warns remote people instantly /real-timely,
Challenges of development precision level weather forecasts: Met agency need to develop more specialization in developing high-resolution seasonal, decadal, weekly, 3 days, 5 days weather forecasts, need to develop dynamic and statistical downscale model rapidly developing thunderstorm (RDT of meteo France) for predicting heavy rainfall and thunderstorm.
Met agency need to develop high resolution grided forecasts and analysis damaging and beneficial impacts of impending weather parameter’s over the lives and livelihoods( elements). Met agency need to develop a pool of Technical experts/specialists( Agrometeorologist, hydrologist, geomorphologist, water resource engineer, Plant scientist, Agri engineer, drought experts, landslide expert, agroecologist, ecologists, meteorologist, synoptic engineers, geomorphologist, etc.) for interpreting the extreme weather phenomena being forecasted. Developing methodology, tools, guidelines on transplantation and interpretation risk and vulnerabilities of predicted impending weather phenomena/parameters. Detailed analysis of Impacts and effects of ongoing onset weather events and developing bulletins. Developing special weather bulletins for women, elderly, girls and youth group onset of tornadoes, thunderstorms, heavy rainfall, cyclone , flash flooding, landslide etc.
Challenges of developing consensus on technical specialists of sector departments to work with MSD for interpretation of extreme/abnormal weather parameters triggered risks over the elements ( livelihood, natural and hydrological ).
Challenges Developing operational forecasts for the sectors, women and girls:
Challenges of implementation of hybrid weather observation for event situation reporting, what exactly the current conditions, intensity of disasters on the ground
Challenges of forecast broadcasting and transmission to audiences.
Time delay of forecast dissemination through WhatsApp group, NCPC organized community discussions, megaphone , road show, school based forecast dissemination, Awaiting for evacuations decisions from the Group Village Headmen (GVH), Village chief/NCPC organized meeting decisions etc.

Recommendations :

In dissuasion with DCP strongly recommend to uses of national radio and TV media outlets to disseminate most emergency early warning dissemination to community which is currently going through WhatsApp group and not timely reaching out to the remote community,
Upgrading Zimbabwe National Disaster Risk communication plan with apps based Operability for instantly updating and event situation updating from about the impacts, mortality, L & D of affected community by the CPCCs during disaster emergency.
National AM radio and TV need to be mandated to broadcasts emergency weather bulletin and not having broadcasting frequency all geographical coverage of Zimbabwe
Government need to mandate the cellphone operators to provide free SMS, IVR, Cell broadcasts during disaster emergency , similarly private FM radio to broadcast emergency weather bulletins with every local language for community awareness .
Developing a national protocol on impact based weather forecasts for the sectors, valuable community and disseminating through national Radio /TC for clear understanding of weather bulletin, provide the weather advisories for every audiences
Capacity building of MSD, , national ,media outlets , Minuity of education, key government official , ministry of health – disseminate disease and outbreaks, ministry of primary and secondary education , Agricultural extension services ( Agritex) for developing and disseminating multi-hazard risk and vulnerabilities to remote community.
SoP for EOC at Harare for NMHS and other sector development to work coordinately for develop multi-hazard early warnings for the community.

Respondent : Hope for a Child in Christ (HOCIC) ( Early Warning)

Challenges identified :

Current set of forecast dissemination and translating forecasts to advisories on impeding anticipatory hazard risk to warning the vulnerable community which going through civil protection committee based warning rather than ICT driven EWS system this process apparently taking time to reach to individual people living at remote and hard to reach areas.
In normal circumstances MSD develop forecasts and Agritex officer (presence at local level ) interpret the risk , organize CPCCs ( PCPCC, DCPCC, WCPCC, VCPCC) local chief/ local head man and discuss forecasts and risks. Local radio station ( FM) in limited geographical coverage broadcasts , with WhatsApp group CPCC disseminate through community discussion the process dallying the warning message delivery and people are not getting warnings timely.
Forecast are noting broadcasting through national AM radio/TV with multilingual and as special weather bulletin.

Recommendations :

Special weather bulletin with local language broadcasting national Radio/TV so that vulnerable people are living at remote hard to reach areas and most vulnerable areas can access time ( where no cell phone coverage)
Government need to regularly conduct mass media based mass educational campaign and awareness campaign for mass people understanding about the climate change impacts and multi-hazard

Respondent : Ministry of Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprises Development ( Early Warning)

Challenges :

In current EWS dissemination system the remote community can access weather through the Civil Protection Coordination Committees (PCPCC, DCPCC, VCPCC) , local chief/ local head man etc., which is coming in delay and not effective for rapid onset disaster (e.g. heavy rainfall induced flash flooding, cyclone etc.) , most burnable group of the society ( women and person with disabilities, girls, children, youth )still remains unawarded about the devastating disasters and eventually there are contributing mortalities .

The current set of EWS the

Recommendations :

For the rapid onset disaster e.g. heavy rainfall induced flash flooding, the government need to circulate special weather bulletin with local language broadcasting national Radio/TV so that every individual people are living at remote hard-to-Rach aeras and most vulnerable aeras can access time ( where no cell phone coverages )
Government need to regularly conduct mass media based education and awareness campaign for mass people understanding about the climate change impacts and multi-hazard
Government need to mandate the cellphone operators to provide free SMS, IVR, Cell broadcasts during disaster emergency , similarly private FM radio to broadcast emergency weather bulletins with every local language for community awareness .

Respondent : African Women in Leadership Network, Zimbabwe Chapter( Early Warning)

Challenges:

EWS – women getting information awareness raising from their community leaders, issues of cyclones, District and village Civil Protection Coordination Committee (DCPCC /VCPCC) relay information to men and women and person with disabilities, and also – CPC provincial and District, local level using media, platform radio, TV, social media -using community leader, school the parents.
The current forecasting and designation modalities are not fully effective to warning the rapid onset flash flooding, tornadoes, Current set of forecast dissemination and translating forecasts of impeding multi-hazard risk being developed by MSD develop and Agirtex officer at local level and interpret risk and organize CPCCs ( NCPCC , PCPCC, DCPCC, VCPCC) local chief/ local head man and discuss forecasts and risks. Local radio station ( FM) and disseminate phone WhatsApp group.

Recommendations :

Ministry recommendations to government for improving national media in EWS dissimilation,
Mandating National radio / community radio to broadcasts early warning
DCP to advocate for more ICT tools based system upgradation, and upgrading of national AM radio broadcasting coverages all over the country so that community living in very remote areas can listen to radio for weather bulletin in their own language.
Government need to broadcasts regular radio based mass educational progarmme for creating awareness about climate change, multi-hazards etc.

Respondent Zim Youth Group( Early Warning)

National media outlets e.g. Radio, TV, news outlets, social network need to broadcast early warning timely and social protection group – NCPCCs (PCPCC, DCPCC, VCPCC) , local chief/ local head man to timely disseminate early warning for reducing mortalities and risk based critical information need to be disseminated, late information in high loss of life.

2.1 What are the existing DRM coordination structures (challenges and recommendations)

The institutional framework for coordination mechanisms for DRM in Zimbabwe is guided by the Civil Protection Act of 1989[1]. Zimbabwe still to develop an ICT drive non-structural DRM coordination structures and governance system as completing the national disaster risk management framework , stakeholder engagement mechanism, climate change and multi-hazard risk repository database, tailormade risk informed planning tools ( national, provincial ,district, Ward and village level ).

The current set of DRM system predominantly focused on post disaster response mechanism only, in which disaster response mechanism is being divided into two coordination structures anchored in two different institutions:

The National Civil Protection Committee, mainly responsible for flood response and other rapid-onset disasters of natural or man-made origin.
The National Civil Protection Committee which being comprises with representatives from all line ministries, NGOs, and International Organizations.

The DCP, under the Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing, plays a secretariat role to the National Civil Protection Committee. There some level of early warning issues are included with the system in which the National Food and Nutrition Council (NFNC), under the coordination of the Office of the President and Cabinet (OPC) oversees drought management and response. The NFNC works closely with the MSD, which provides early warning information, and the Ministry of Mines and Mining Development(MAMID) implementing arm of drought management and response activities.

Currently, the institutional system comprises the following structures:

National Civil Protection Committee;
The Department of Civil Protection;
The Food and Nutrition Council;
The Zimbabwe Vulnerability Committee;
Provincial Civil Protection Committee;
District Civil Protection Committee.
Emergency Services Subcommittee;
National Food and Water Subcommittee;
National Epidemics and Zoonotic Crisis Subcommittee;
National Resource Mobilization Subcommittee.

National level Coordination structure :

The DCP under the Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing is mandated to coordinate disaster risk management in the country through the Civil Protection Act of 1989. The DCP disaster risk management structure having some level of hierarchy but still the other sectoral coordination and role of DRM activities not clearly defined and coordination. The Civil Protection Act of 1989 does not provide for decentralized structures of DCP, nor does it make provisions for the civil protection Committees at Ward and Village levels. The National Civil Protection Committee having inadequate structure and process for multi-stakeholders’ coordination and engagement.

The Department of Urban Local Authorities: Responsible for urban local authorities which comprise city, municipality, town councils and local boards. There are 32 urban local authorities in the country. The Department of Physical Planning in the same Ministry is responsible for spatial planning and development control

Provincial and District levels :

DCP does not have designate officers at Provincial and District level but the Provincial & District Administrators and Provincial & District Committee members are being responsible for disaster risk management at the local authority level. The committees are mostly coordinate the Drought Relief Committees or the Community Development Committees. This committee still not well represented by the other nonstate local actors and there is also a need to involve the NGOs more and their role in the coordination structure should be clear.

The Village Development Committees:

The lowest admissive level having no designated DCP staffing, the Agitext is the technical focal point in coordination DRM at community level, the local civil protection committees are the locally functional structures to date for taking care of DRM issues in terms of early warning dissemination and education decision making, They do not have any clear guidelines, methodology and tools for comprehensive disaster risk management and designing and implementation of community based DRR activities. There are many partner organizations (CSO) are establishing DRM committees at village and ward level, which are not aligned with Government institutions and not coordinating the local CPCCs at the local level, which is one of the multi-stakeholder coordination gaps for driving the comprehensive DRR & DRR process at community level and bridging the DRR interventions gaps.

Challenges and Recommendations from, KII with stakeholders:

Respondent : Department of Civil Protection (DCP) – Ministry of Local Government, Zimbabwe (DRM coordination structures)

Department of Civil Protection (DCP) of Ministry of Local Government of Zimbabwe is the nodal agency for disaster risk management. DCP planning to develop the district level disaster risk management and climate change adaptation plan in which gender comes as cross cutting issues, for mainstreaming gender in DRM process, gendered risk informed tools need to be developed.

Challenges :

Lack of Standard operating procedure (SOP) with defined ToR /Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders for coordinating DRR interventions .
To data provinces having guidelines under the civil protection policy how to do the local coordination not having the SoP of DRM coordination.
The existing disaster response system does not include to mandating other stakeholders /sector department sin coordinating the climate change and disaster risk management jobs at local level for engaging multi-stakeholders.
Lack of stakeholder engagement and coordination the ground level loss and damage (L & D)datasets collection is being hurdles although community conversant to who is affected in their locality by the onset of major disaster already takes the landfall and doing damages.
Every ward level has a evacuation center but still insufficient and hard for community to evacuate to shelter in any cases of communication disrupted.
Cabinmate says – not to use school and church, community hall for longer it disrupts education, so far there are temporary tents required for the IDP community to shelter until they are able to build their houses better for living.
In local level Local coordination and planning decision making (CPCCs) are male dominated as because of Women like to take care of children -not allocating time to spare , majority decline to be local member of local body, Women councilors – have lot of homework to join regular meeting , rural poor women to fetch firewood, collect water , taking care children and cannot spare time for the committee level meetings. Zimbabwe a patriarchal society at community level women cannot talk to men very frequent, the patriarchal society not let women to speak out more, social discriminations. In community level meeting women are keep quiet, cannot raise their voice because of male domination all those attributes contribute for keeping women, girls away for local planning and decision-making process.

Recommendations

For improving disaster preparedness the DCP recommended Properly constructed emergency evacuation center, every ward should have an evacuation center considering the terrain landscape, poor communication structure.
DPC recommended all 35000 villages need to have every villages have plans for better DRM /DRR planning and interventions
DPC recommended SOP and ToR ( 5W) of stakeholders coordination for better preparedness and disaster evacuations,
Gender -marker – plans – cross cutting issues – planning team of ministry of women affairs – help to integrated issues of gender – DRM-Preparedness, hazards women are affected more.
Community conversant that who is affected in their locality and some information on Loss and Damage., in this case CPCC need to update EOC about the event situations and L & D of the locality.
Development of Gender sensitive evacuation centers, multi-purpose , other activities,
Formulation of Gender sensitive humanitarian coordination structures by the UN/INGOs /CSOs

Respondent : Ministry of Women Affairs (DRM coordination structures)

Challenges :

Civil protection committee , Ministry has participation in CPC, District development – there are some form of coordination at local level , CPC – ward level coordination committee at community level , CPC to replicate at community and ward level, issues of EWS.
Coordination gap of pre-positing relief items, conducting climate risk and vulnerability assessment (CRVA)
Capacity Gap( risk understanding, tools, techniques, volunteering process) CPCC committees – need that unity to be strengthening in preparedness, response and recue .
Inadequate government sectoral roles, local level coordination overall DRM and DRR planning, project deigning and implementing process . civil-military coordination mechanism (ICS) required for better management of disaster emergency management .

Recommendations :

UN-cluster system, government need to work together for better DRM/ DRR/CCA planning and interventions
Improved institutional coordination, define multi-stakeholders ( private sector) engagement structures for planning and implementation of DRR and
Gender mainstreaming national, Provincial, district , community level in Disaster preparedness, response, recovery , prevention mechanism.
Forecast based early actions/financing/ contingency ( essential live savaging items) for supporting the female headed household, children/single mother headed households,
Develop gender responsive manual SoP/Standing orders on Disaster for the local level
Multi-purpose disaster shelter- as silos , how you are addressing the issues , member of civil protection committees, inter-ministerial committee with local governments , provincial level , national level raise the issue,
- Activating local CPC at local level for emergency rescue , volunteering structure and process are gendered response ( women headed households) , gaps emergency evacuation

Respondent : Hope for Child in Christ” , Zimbabwe (DRM coordination structures)

Challenges :

Lack of Gender sensitive humanitarian coordination structures
Inadequate structure of national climate change coordination system/committee – for structure and priority settings of development planning and climate actions (sectoral)
Gender equity and gender gaps in DRR coordination
Civil protection committee , Ministry has participation in CPC, District development – there are some form of coordination at local level , CPC – ward level coordination committee at community level , CPC to replicate at community and ward level and functional to organizing emergency early warning meeting but not organize meeting for DRR coordination and DRR interventions related meetings.
Government still to approve DRM laws, inadequate mandates, stakeholder coordination and defined responsibilities insufficiently can mandate stakeholders to come up with SoP of who will be doing what, where, when an how etc., as a result community getting inadequate supports and become hopeless in having emergency evacuation and preparedness support.

Recommendations :

Improvement of institutional coordination, multi-stakeholders (including private sector) engagement , working, working together in terms of DRR.
Capacity building( training, equipment, tools) of CPCCs at local level for emergency rescue , volunteering structure and process for supporting responses ( women headed households) , gaps emergency evacuation
Structured DRM process for fender mainstreaming at national, Provincial, district , community level in Disaster response, prioritizing the female headed, children/single mother headed households, develop manual SoP/Standing orders on Disaster(SoD)
Awareness raining campaign ( education ) women, girls and children in local language about the disaster and climate change impacts.
Involvement of civil-military coordination mechanism for overcoming institutional barrier and gaps for comprehensive DRM process at local level,

Respondent : UNDP , Zimbabwe (DRM coordination structures)

Challenges:

Zimbabwe still need to develop national risk management framework with multi-sectoral coordination structure, stakeholder maps and responsibilities for improving national coordination in integrated DRM/DRR/CCA and NAP planning and interventions at local level.
Inadequate government disaster response coordination structure and gender responsive civil protection platform structures, capacity of CPCCs in disaster preparedness.
Inadequate Coordination structure, stakeholder map and not having stakeholder specific roles and responsibilities of disaster DRM process at local level within the field of Disaster risk reduction and response, any phase of disaster preparedness and rehabilitation.
Inadequate representation of gender to men and women individual needs are met and captured in plan and resources are available to for effective response .
Gaps in effective coordination system of government and un UN-OCHA, HCT, UN-clusters, coordination at governments level – local governments under directives of DCP leading the big disaster, technical working group(TWG) on DRM recent establish for effective coordination during and after disaster.
Gender representations are enough at committee, volunteering
Post-disaster response and recovery interventions, DRR & development programme and inadequate prioritized the immediate needs and medium to long term needs.
Disaster risk management at mostly woks on ad hoc basis
In adequate gendered climate risk responsive and information tools for informing gendered DRR interventions.
Inadequate gender dimension, informed tools coordination gaps, inadequate development evidence based advocacy gender tools, gender marker/indicator, gendered risk informed datasets for inclusive DRR planning and budgeting process by the sector department
Lack of methodology tools, guidelines, mandates of ZimVAC, sector department and other organizations in conduction Participatory Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (PVCA) process collection and sectoral disaggregated multi-hazard risk information for DRR intervention prioritization

Recommendations :

Structures coordination structures stakeholder map and defined responsibilities of stakeholder ( state and nonstate actors , sectors, private sectors ) for improving DRR service deliveries at the local level
UNDP supports for inclusive Women / girls participation , district at local level all the planning ( Contingency, local level , DRR, DRM at the local level) . The online database required for tracking the needs of women, men , boys and girls and disable , District level by laws to develop how DRR measures are taken at district and community level and identify the own hazards.
Gender focal person – implement humanitarian programme
HCT need to establish coordination on humanitarian coordination nexus of ( with DCP) to transitioning community from humanitarian assistant dependents to DRR inclusive livelihood development
Forecast based contingency planning and resources allocations
DCP to develop Short , medium and long term DRR programmes
Improve risk communication
UN Spider working to supporting the post disaster L & D /PDNA
DRM laws /mandates are required for Collective stakeholder engagement and for DRM planning an interventions

Respondent : Zimbabwe Youth Council (DRM coordination structures)

Development of youth group responsive DRM and DRR farmwork and responsibilities
Improve stakeholder structures with youth group representation to DRM coordination functions at local level
Youth engagement in District and local level in DRR planning and interventions

[1] Capacity Assessment of the Disaster Risk Management System in Zimbabwe, UN May 2017

2.1 How is the UN/government supporting collection and access to SADD at: ; (challenges and recommendations)

Background status :

For effectively mechanizing the DRM and DDR process the demographic disaggregated data namely age, sex , disability disaggregated Data (SADD) and other socioeconomic, HIES, climate vulnerable sector disaggregated data, tailormade informed tools is the most important imperatives for climate change impact and vulnerability informed, demand driven, most appropriate adaptive ICT tools/Apps/Software/online data collection apps/portal for supporting local participatory planning and DRR/CCA scheme implantation process.

Essentially Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC) being initiated to support Food and Nutrition Security Policy (FNSP).working as focal point for vulnerability assessment along with ZimStat and some other UN/INGOs for supporting ZimVAC.

Although the SADD data collection can be entrusted to ZimStat for demographic, HIES and socioeconomic disaggregated data collections , but apparently there are strategic planning, , methodology and ICT tools and most importantly the stakeholder coordination gaps to govern the process. DCP along with UN Agencies,( UN Women /UNFPA for protection & Gendered SADD) I-NGOs, ZimStat , ZImVAC, AgriTex and other sector department need to mechanize the process for comprehensive SADD, sectoral disaggregated data and climate risk and vulnerability assessment of the country.

Respondent : UNDP (SADD )

After Idai the Higher life Foundation, in collaboration with the Ministry of Local Government and Public Works, has invested in building the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC) in Harare. The facility is designed to strengthen data collection, analysis, and presentation to better disseminate information and determine appropriate preparedness and response interventions.
Setup of EOC/DMC at province and district level for supporting ZimVAC, ZimStat and other sector department in SADD and other sectoral disaggregated data collection for informing DRM /DRR planning
Development of Mobile apps for SADD and Sectoral climate risk data collection
Develop Policy to provide information dissemination at grassroots level , enabling environment for right time and right time.
SADD data collection from camp to estimates number of people are sheltering in School now to relocation other tent for reopening the schooling
Develop SADD supported District level contingency plan – GIS based ( at national, provincial as well as district planning) participatory GIS maps , community inputs, anticipatory impacts of multi-hazards

Respondent : Department of Civil Protection (DCP) – Ministry of Local Government, Zimbabwe (SADD )

Challenges :

The Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC) under the coordination of the Food and Nutrition Council is consortium of Government, Development Partners, UN, NGOs, Technical Agencies and the Academia which being designated to conduct the vulnerability assessment and collect SADD datasets which is being currently coordinated by few agencies ( food and nutrition council , UNDP, WFP, UNICEF, REACH ) which represent the inadequate effects of SADD data collections from the field level.
Inadequate ZimStat leadership and inadequate government sector department mandates, coordination structures and process for collection and collation of sector specific age, sex, disability disagree data(SADD) and sectoral elements specific disaggregated data, socioeconomic data from sector department/local government for risk informed DRR planning and interventions.

Recommendations :

The DCP, UN Agencies, , I-NGOs, ZimStat , ZImVAC, AgriTex need to develop tools, methodology , guidelines , techniques and process and stakeholder coordination and engagement to conduct comprehensive risk and vulnerabilities at the national, provinces, District , TA and village level.
DCP, ZimStat , ZImVAC, AgriTex., CSOs and other state and nonstate actors and need to fully equipped with methodology , guidelines Tools, techniques and process, capacity development of state and non-state stakeholders , sector department manage, coordination structure and process for collection and collation of sector specific age, sex, disability disagree data(SADD) and sectoral elements specific disaggregated data, socioeconomic data from sector department/local government for risk informed DRR planning and interventions
ZimVAC need to develop clear roadmaps on stakeholder coordination structures, data and information collection, collation and development tailormade informed tools to support prioritized climate risk-informed and gender responsive DRM/DRR/CCA planning and scheme design and implementation at the local level.

Respondent : Gender Department of Ministry of Women Affairs (SADD )

Challenges & recommendations :

Inadequate methodology, tools and process that hurdles the engagement of the DCP, UN Agencies, , I-NGOs, ZimStat , ZImVAC, AgriTex and other state and nonstate actors for conducting the SADD datasets form community level, district, provincial and national level. Lack of online apps based improve data collections, standard data collection tools for collecting data from field level.
ZimStat , ZImVAC and other state and nonstate actors need to coordination district level actors , NCPCCs and other CSOs for standardized data collection on SADD, female headed households for risk informed DRR planning and scheme implementation.
Lack of Engagement with stakeholders in disaster risk information collection and DRR related interventions.
DCP need to coordinate ZimStat , ZImVAC and other state and nonstate actors for conducting the SADD datasets form community level, district, provincial and national level. MoLGRD, MoFA, CSOs working in , Women led organizations(WLO) need to coordinate SADD and ther risk information collection
DCP ZimStat , ZImVAC need to conduct capacity development of other stakeholders in SADD data collections and repository development.

Respondent : WLO on Musasa Project” (Women Led Organization) (SADD )

Challenges and recommendations :

Inadequate capacity, tools of local level national civil protection coordination committee (NCPCC) for collection SADD from the community level. The designated disaster focal point DCP, sector departments ZimStat , ZImVAC, AgriTex, and other state and nonstate actors need to coordinate the SADD data collection from fiend level so that every risk and vulnerability data be collected from households level. DCP need to coordinate ZimStat , ZImVAC and other state and nonstate actors for conducting the SADD datasets form community level, district, provincial and national level. MoLGRD, MoFA, CSOs working in , Women led organizations(WLO) need to coordinate SADD and the risk information collection process.

2.2 UN engagement in DRM coordination

Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) of United Nations Country Team (UNCT) led by UN-OCHA is responsible for coordinating UN emergency preparedness and response in support of the Government plan. Under the guidance of the HC, the United Nations Country Team (UNCT) is responsible for effective and efficient implementation of Inter-Agency disaster risk management activities. The UNCT allows for all UN entities with activities in Zimbabwe to work as a team in formulating common positions on strategic issues, ensuring coherence in action and advocacy. During disaster onset the RC office , OCHA and the Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) acts as the secretariat of the HCT and supports the Humanitarian Coordinator (HC) in all aspects related to HCT issues. HCT operates the UN cluster system, mobilize Emergency Response Fund (ERF) or the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) and support government in PDNA process and humanitarian response mobilization to high impact aeras.

Following are the coordination support from UN Agencies

UNDP :

Supporting development council (RDC) with templates to gather data form community to for informed decisions.
Supporting HCT/UNOCHA in mobilizing the CERF
Supporting MSD improving Community-Based Flood Early Warning Systems
Support DCP, ZimVAC , ZimStat, and there stakeholders in conducting PDNA, Rapid Impact and Needs Assessment (RINA), Operationalizing Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
Risk Management Functions for Local Authorities

UN -OCHA :

Coordinate national DRM platform and Operationalize Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) through the conducting the emergency humanitarian assistance through UN Cluster system.

UNCEF

Coordinate Education cluster for school based DRM ( early warning dissemination)

Coordinate WASH Cluster for supporting WASH facilities at school and nearby community level.
Supporting ZimVAC for vulnerability assessment

UN Protection cluster ( UN Women, UNFPA, UNHCR, IOM) :

Coordinate Camp based PSEA, ESA, SGBV during disaster emergency

UN Health Cluster :

Coordinate Camp based health care support during disaster emergency

UN Women :

Gender Coordinating gender Empowerment issues

WFP:

Coordinate post disaster rapid need assessment
Supporting ZimVAC for vulnerability assessment
WFP conducts emergency food security progarmme vulnerable Districts
Supporting Food security cluster
Support anticipation action on DRR based on weather forecast
Leading food security and logistics and Flood cyclone response
Response to crisis – national level food security /logistic / preparedness and response flood, cyclone,
Improving the rapid assessment and evaluation tools and system leading, disaster prone district, Wearhouse – districts level
Supporting government in emergency food programme

3.0 Engagement with Stakeholders

Under the current the current Disaster Risk Management (DRM) structure and process the DCP working as nodal agency under the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) institutional framework for Zimbabwe[1] is guided by the Civil Protection Act of 1989.

Structure of Zimbabwe’s Disaster Response System

[1][1] https://www.cadri.net/system/files/2021-06/Zimbabwe-Report-May-2017.pdf

Figure 4 : Existing Structure of Zimbabwe’s Disaster Response System

The current set of DRM system predominantly focused on post disaster response mechanism , e.g, emergency humanitarian support and operationalizing the Emergency Social Cash Transfers (ESCT) to vulnerable households, in which disaster response mechanism is being divided into two coordination structures anchored in two different institutions:

The National Civil Protection Committee, mainly responsible for flood response and other rapid-onset disasters of natural or man-made origin.
The National Civil Protection Committee which being comprises with representatives from all line ministries, NGOs, and International Organizations.

Currently, the institutional system comprises the following structures:

National Civil Protection Committee;
The Department of Civil Protection;
The Food and Nutrition Council;
The Zimbabwe Vulnerability Committee;
Provincial Civil Protection Committee;
District Civil Protection Committee.
Emergency Services Subcommittee;
National Food and Water Subcommittee;
National Epidemics and Zoonotic Crisis Subcommittee;
National Resource Mobilization Subcommittee.

The challenges and gap in coordination and recommendations:

Challenges :

lack of gender machinery and inadequate gender integration to DRM , DRR and resilience building process
inadequate methodology, tools, guidelines, process and stakeholder engagement in comprehensive climate and multi-hazard risk and vulnerabilities at national, district, province, ward, village.
Lack of gendered climate and multi-hazard risk information management network, data repository , information management , tailormade and gendered climate and multi-hazard risk information for supporting gender response DRM, DRR planning and scheme design at the local level
The lack of Develop gender response and multi-stakeholder coordination DRM framework at all level (national, district, province, ward, village). Strong multi stakeholder coordinated and gender response DRM structures for gendered DRR and resilience building Challenges.
Paradigm shift and transitioning from the current paradigm DRM coordination structure of onset of an emergency ad-hoc response based interventions by Civil Protection Committee to risk-informed multistakeholder coordinated DRM and DRR for local level gender empowerment and development
Improving DRM governance at all levels (national, district, province, ward, village) -Develop gender response and multi-stakeholders’ coordination DRM framework at all level (national, district, province, ward, village).
Strong multi-stakeholders coordinated and gender response DRM structures for gendered DRR and resilience building Challenges :
Improving DRM governance at Provincial and district level with staffing and capacity building in DRM .
Develop DRM planning at Provincial and district level with clearly defining the multi-stakeholders map ( state, nonstate, UN agencies, INGOs, national NGOS, CSOs, Charities, Private Sectors, Local Institutions, academia , youth group, WLO, local charities etc)
Installation of Emergency Operations Center and SOP for supporting all early waning, operational forecasts, EWS for women, girls, youth group, children, disabilities
Sector and sectoral elements specific, farmers, Women led entrepreneur special impact weather forecastrs , operational forecasts.
Structural DRM support for the women small holder farmers ( water access, drainage system, access to agricultural land, access to surface water /irrigation, access to solar PV powered irrigation, access to AVC inputs, horticulture supports, access to market etc) . Develop Local agroecology based DRM and DRR projects and pilot demonstration in every village and community level horticulture for supplying all agricultural inputs for promoting community based DRR scheme.
Installation of Multi-hazard early warning system: Development precision level weather forecasts: Met agency need to develop more specialization in developing high-resolution seasonal, decadal, weekly, 3 days, 5 days weather forecasts, need to develop dynamic and statistical downscale model rapidly developing thunderstorm (RDT of meteo France) for predicting heavy rainfall and thunderstorm.
Improving surface observation system : Upgrading MSD weather observation system, acquisition of 5km grid data sets on surface observation, install more AWS with synoptic conditions tracking sensors, drone radar, laser ceilometer, radiosonde, rain gauging instrument, uses of EUMETCast lightning sensor data for tracking thunderstorm, Flood level gauging from the river system , flood forecasting and modeling. Improving Cyclone and Flood Forecasting and Early Warning:
Development of impact based weather forecasts and operational forecasts : Develop methodology and guidelines on how to organize forecast briefing with guidelines on who will be the participants , how to interpret the risks by organizing discussion and analyzing weather model/outlook subject matter specialists ( Agrometeorologist, hydrologist, geomorphologist, water resource engineer, Plant scientist, Agri engineer, drought experts, landslide expert, agroecologist, ecologists, meteorologist, synoptic engineers, geomorphologist, etc.) along with forecasters( long, medium, short range), Numerical Weather Prediction(NWP) engineers/specialists, Synoptic Engineer and organize the forecast beliefs/discussion about the anticipatory impacts, risk and vulnerability and eventually developing impact forecasts. The multi-hazard risk analysis over the elements( is not a designated responsibilities of EOC operators) is a group work and the outlined specialists need to develop, customized tools, methodology , guidelines on impact based forecasts and operational forecasts for the sector, sectoral elements, lives and livelihood elements on the ground. Analysis weather phenomena and interpretation of risks and vulnerabilities .
Installation of ICT tools based emergency operations center at national, district, province, ward level
Develop national risk financing framework for DRR inclusive budgetary support and gender response DRR scheme planning budgeting at the local level.

Respondent : Department of Civil Protection (DCP) – Ministry of Local Government, Zimbabwe ( Engagement with Stakeholders)

Challenges and recommendations :

The existing disaster response system does not inclusive to mandating other stakeholders /sector departments in coordinating climate change and disaster risk management jobs at local level for engaging multi-stakeholders.
Lack of stakeholder engagement and coordination the ground level loss and damage datasets collection is being hurdles although community conversant to who is affected by the onset of major disaster already takes the landfall and doing damages. Develop Standard operating procedure (SOP) with defined ToR /Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders .
Develop temporary community based camp for the displace people until they build their houses back because of use school and church, community hall for longer it disrupts education
For improving disaster preparedness the DCP recommended Properly constructed emergency evacuation center, every ward should have an evacuation center considering the terrain landscape, poor communication structure.
Develop 35000 villages level gender response DRM /DRR planning, scheme design and pilot demonstration for the community to replicate the intervention.

Respondent : “Hope for Child in Christ” , Zimbabwe( Engagement with Stakeholders)

Recommendations

Improvement of institutional coordination, multi-stakeholders ( private sector) engagement , working, working together in terms of DRR.
Guidelines and tools for local CPCC at local level for performing the emergency preparedness, volunteering structures and process are gender response ( women headed households) , gaps emergency evacuation
Gender mainstreaming national, Provincial, district , community level in Disaster response, prioritizing the female headed, children/single mother headed households, develop manual SoP/Standing orders on Disaster,
Awareness raining campaign for women, girls and children in local language
Implementation of civil-military coordination mechanism(ICS) , institutional barrier and gaps for comprehensive DRM

Respondent : UNDP ( Engagement with Stakeholders)

Challenges and recommendations :

Inadequate state and non state actors coordination structure, management structure to civil protection platform structures for integrating both of the state and nonstate actors in DRM and DRR actions to community level
Inadequate Coordination structure, stakeholder map and not having stakeholder specific roles and responsibilities of disaster DRM process at local level within the field of Disaster risk reduction and response, any phase of disaster preparedness and rehabilitation.
Develop national risk management framework with multi stakeholder and multisectoral coordination structures, stakeholder engagement maps ( 4W/ SoP) and responsibilities for improving national coordination in integrated DRR planning and interventions at local level.
Restructuring all civil protection committees with well gender participation for disaster emergency preparedness, volunteering humanitarian response, gendered responsive camp management and coordination for reducing SGBV incidents.
Update methodology tools, guidelines, mandates of ZimVAC, sector department and other organizations in conduction Participatory Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (PVCA) process collection and sectoral disaggregated multi-hazard risk information for DRR intervention prioritization

Respondent : Gender Department of Ministry of Women Affairs ( Engagement with Stakeholders)

Recommendations :

Gender department, DCP and other local government sector departments, UN-cluster system, INGOs, NGOs, CSO private sectors to need to work together to develop structed DRM/DRR coordination and stakeholders engagement structure at all administrative level with the defined roles and responsibilities.
Improved institutional coordination, define multi-stakeholder ( private sector) engagement structures for planning and implementation of DRR/CCA.
Inventory development on Socio-cultural background of community for need based DRM/DRR .
Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development need liberalization of the government land control policy and land tenure for the marginalized rural poor women headed households .

3.2 UN/Government structures engaging women and women led organizations in DRR and resilience initiatives

From the above discussions it can be outlined that there are root causes and challenges persist over the UN/Government structures engaging women and women led organizations in DRR and resilience initiatives in which assessment identified some key challenges of the government and multi-stakeholder coordination and partnership mechanism. The policy instruments are typically top-down policy, strategy and actional planning of Gendered DRR and resilience building. Following root causes, challenges, gaps can be outlined along the DRM/DRR Policy/Strategy, programmatic structure:

Inadequate gender machinery women representation to local power structure, planning and decision-making system and inadequate women led organizations at the local level,
Lack of gendered climate risk information management network, tailormade gender climate and multi-hazard risk and vulnerability information to influence masculinity of bureaucracies over the male dominated decision-making system that around 60% and above workforce are female in local productive sectors (agriculture, livestock, fisheries, agroforestry, food processing SMEs etc.) and they need to be well taken care off with providing inclusive development finances.
Lack of gender development network led by Women led organizations at the district, ward and village level to advocate government system for removing all discrimination of gender accessing local basic service deliveries.

Recommendations

Engagement of WLO in CBDRM planning processes
Gender sensitive humanitarian coordination structures
Women’s leadership and participation in decision making in the public and private sectors.
Revising the National Gender Policy (2014-2019) and engagement mechanism of WLO at local level
Promote and engagement of more WLO for gender mainstreaming in all line ministries, including in relation to DRM.
Develop Women led green entrepreneurship with women led cooperatives, access to GCF and other finances.
Develop and promote more WLO and enabling WLO in the women led and broad-based Women’s Economic Empowerment Policy, The Community Development Policy and strategy develop for local level.

Following sector ministry and department need to work together to develop gender machinery at national and sub-national level ;

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (Zim Stat)
Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water, Climate and Rural Resettlement
Ministry Public Service, Labor and Social Welfare
Ministry of Health and Child Care
Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing
Ministry of Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprise Development
Ministry of Justice
Department of Social Welfare under the Ministry of labor, Public Service and Social Welfare; Ministry of Water, Environment and Climate.

4.0 Impacts of Climate Induced Disasters [Cyclones, Floods, Drought]

4.1 How have climate induced disaster impacted women and men differently?

Persistent vulnerability factors	Vulnerable Gender Group	Differential Impacts			Recommendations
		Cyclones	Floods	Drought
Disaster induced displacement / emergency evacuation	Women and Girls	Not having gender privacy friendly provisions/facilities in evacuation shelter and shared accommodation for accessing ablution and bathing facilities with men and boys and risk of sexual abuse.	Not having gender privacy friendly provisions/facilities in evacuation shelter and shared accommodation for accessing ablution and bathing facilities with men and boys and risk of sexual abuse.
		Pregnant women do experience challenges accessing clinics as a result of impassable roads, flooded rivers, and this has resulted in home births with untrained birth attendants, increasing the risk of complications in birth, after care of mother and new borne babies	Pregnant women do experience challenges accessing clinics as a result of impassable roads, flooded rivers, and this has resulted in home births with untrained birth attendants, increasing the risk of complications in birth, after care of mother and new borne babies
	Women and Children	Some women and children are travelling multiple times a week and long distance averaging 10km to access food packs and Non Food Items (NFIs) and abused.
	Women , single mother , window and Adolescence girls	Without having adequate privacy and protection, living and basic utility services facility girls are systematically being falling in Gender Based Violence, Sexual exploitation by the male partners
Pushing evacuees from the schools just after 2-3 weeks for reopening the school and stopping emergency humanitarian food supply	Women , single mother , window and Adolescence girls	Systemic discriminatory approaches from the stakeholders not continue humanitarian food support after 2/3 weeks and also pushing from the schools to go back to home while there shelter completely /partially destroyed and can not build back better until they get any financial supports. Those systemic discriminatory approaches push Women , single mother , window and Adolescence girls to go for doing transactional sex in exchange of money.	Systemic discriminatory approaches from the stakeholders not continue humanitarian food support after 2/3 weeks and also pushing from the schools to go back to home while there shelter completely /partially destroyed and can not build back better until they get any financial supports. Those systemic discriminatory approaches push Women , single mother , window and Adolescence girls to go for doing transactional sex in exchange of money.
Accessing humanitarian assistance	Women Children and Adolescence girls	Difficult for women, single mother, widow to have emergency humanitarian support from crowded service trigger point and subsequently being deprived and pushed to adopt transactional sex for having emergency food and NFI items from the emergency trigger points	Difficult for women, single mother, widow to have emergency humanitarian support from crowded service trigger point and subsequently being deprived and pushed to adopt transactional sex for having emergency food and NFI items from the emergency trigger points
Cultural norms, male domination over the household and irresponsibility of male family member to stay away from home and letting every pains holders to female members of the family	Women, Girls and Children	Irresponsibility of male member to support family member in difficult time and female members becomes the hopeless and traumatized in taking emergency preparedness and evacuations just ahead of trail of disaster starts in the locality.	Irresponsibility of male member to support family member in difficult time and female members becomes the hopeless and traumatized in taking emergency preparedness and evacuations just ahead of trail of disaster starts in the locality.
Cultural norms, irresponsibility of male family member to stay away from home for longer time every weeks/months aftermath of disaster events	Women, Girls and Children	Stay away from home for long, sometimes not supporting, sometimes living family alone for ever, and let every mother become the custodian running the family with no means of livelihood and pushing family in persistent poverty, hunger.	Stay away from home for long, sometimes not supporting, sometimes living family alone for ever, and let every mother become the custodian running the family with no means of livelihood and pushing family in persistent poverty, hunger.		Rapid Gender Analysis (RGA)
Drop of schooling	Girls and Children	Aftermath of cyclonic disaster the family falls in another vicious cycle and persistent tables of poverty and hunger as a result school going children need to support family for ensuring food and water security, dragging them in become child labor to feed them round the year.	Aftermath of flood disaster the family falls in another vicious cycle and persistent tables of poverty and hunger as a result school going children need to support family for ensuring food and water security, dragging them in become child labor to feed them round the year
Recently become victim of incidence of SGBV	Single mother, widow, , adolescence mother children , adolescence girls, disable.	Aftermath of cyclone induced trail of disaster destroy the basic lifeline services (drinking water, WASH, Healthcare food, etc.,) the adolescent girls and women need to travel a long for having drinking water everyday and being sexually abused .	Aftermath of flood induced trail of disaster destroy the basic lifeline services (drinking water, WASH, Healthcare food, etc.,) the adolescent girls and women need to travel a long for having drinking water everyday and being sexually abused .
Falling in epidemic , outbreaks/diseases/infections and loss of lives	Single mother, widow, , adolescence mother children , adolescence girls, youth, disable group .	Aftermath of cyclone induced trail of disaster another ripple effects of epidemic starts for destroying all drinking water resources and people are subject to dirking polluted water, which causes of epidemic, outbreaks/diseases/infections and loss of lives. The most vulnerable member of the family e.g., , children, youth, women are the largest victims then youth and man because of lack of immunity and malnutrition, awareness, lack of water treatment kits at household level. The public healthcare services are inevitable for saving lives.	Aftermath of cyclone induced trail of disaster another ripple effects of epidemic starts for destroying all drinking water resources and people are subject to dirking polluted water, which causes of epidemic, outbreaks/diseases/infections and loss of lives. The most vulnerable member of the family e.g., , children, youth, women are the largest victims then youth and man because of lack of immunity and malnutrition, awareness, lack of water treatment kits at household level. The public healthcare services are inevitable for saving lives.
Discrimination of accessing pos-disaster humanitarian assistance	Single mother, widow, , adolescence mother children , adolescence girls, youth, disable group .	The social, norms, patriarchal dominion, irresponsible paternity sometimes let male member become the unethically selling relief items and stay away from home and subsequently the female heads become hopeless and falls in extreme hunger and poverty.	The social, norms, patriarchal dominion, irresponsible paternity sometimes let male member become the unethically selling relief items and stay away from home and subsequently the female heads become hopeless and falls in extreme hunger and poverty.
Male ownership of agricultural lands	Single mother, widow, , adolescence mother children , adolescence girls, youth, disable group .	Since all control of asserts are falling in male hands and leaving female powerless, as a results systemic laws and norms putting women in peril of poverty tangles and encouraging persistent culture of more male domination over the female.	Since all control of asserts are falling in male hands and leaving female powerless, as a results systemic laws and norms putting women in peril of poverty tangles and encouraging persistent culture of more male domination over the female.	Since all control of asserts are falling in male hands and leaving female powerless, as a results systemic laws and norms putting women in peril of poverty tangles and encouraging persistent culture of more male domination over the female.
Loan defaulter	Single mother, widow, , adolescence mother children , adolescence girls, youth, disable group .	Most of the cases aftermath of cyclone disaster family need to depend on microcredit facility and accessing the mobile money, in this case male member withdraw the money and away from home and living family in tables of hunger and poverty and making women the loan defaulter.	Most of the cases aftermath of cyclone disaster family need to depend on microcredit facility and accessing the mobile money, in this case male member withdraw the money and away from home and living family in tables of hunger and poverty and making women the loan defaulter.	Most of the cases aftermath of cyclone disaster family need to depend on microcredit facility and accessing the mobile money, in this case male member withdraw the money and away from home and living family in tables of hunger and poverty and making women the loan defaulter.
Discrimination of accessing government sector department services	Single mother, widow, , adolescence mother children , adolescence girls, youth, disable group .	Systemic institutional description for Single mother, widow to access to government subsidies, agriculture input facilities and getting market prices for the women small holder farmers.	Systemic institutional description for Single mother, widow to access to government subsidies, agriculture input facilities and getting market prices for the women small holder farmers.	Systemic institutional description for Single mother, widow to access to government subsidies, agriculture input facilities and getting market prices for the women small holder farmers.
Inadequate access to inclusive finance for homestead-based IGA	Single mother, widow, single mother, adolescence mother children and adolescence girls, youth	The baking system and credit operators ask for collateral guarantees for access loans in which poor Single mother, widow not able to access the services and becoming an entrepreneurs	The baking system and credit operators ask for collateral guarantees for access loans in which poor Single mother, widow not able to access the services and becoming an entrepreneurs	The baking system and credit operators ask for collateral guarantees for access loans in which poor Single mother, widow not able to access the services and becoming an entrepreneurs
Less scope and access to education, access to agricultural lands, agroecology, little/no women access to other governmental services for having climate refuge status.	Single mother, widow, single mother, adolescence mother children and adolescence girls, youth	The recurrent disaster incidence creating a persistent poverty tangles, persistent internal displacement and climate refuge status, not having access to education, agricultural land making livelihood resilient to climatic shocks.	The recurrent disaster incidence creating a persistent poverty tangles, persistent internal displacement and climate refuge status, not having access to education, agricultural land making livelihood resilient to climatic shocks.	The recurrent disaster incidence creating a persistent poverty tangles, persistent internal displacement and climate refuge status, not having access to education, agricultural land making livelihood resilient to climatic shocks.

4.2 The different coping mechanisms adopted women and men to climate induced disasters (challenges and recommendations)

Cyclone Idai affected 270,000 people in Zimbabwe out of which 51,000 were displaced, more than 340 died and many others went missing, children were orphaned, while female survivors faced gender-based violence. 68% of the households got information about the approach of Cyclone Idai from the media while more than 31% were caught unaware[1].

Respondent : Department of Civil Protection (DCP) – Ministry of Local Government (coping mechanisms)

Copping mechanism in Climate induced disaster:

Peace work, business
Remittance from male member
Selling productive assets
Selling homestead agricultural outputs
Emergency Social Cash Transfers (ESCT) by the UN/INGOs and other CSOs
Charcoal making and selling firewood
SMEs support
VSLAS (Village Saving & Loan Associations) support for starting agriculture
Women Development Funds (WDF) Microfinance and Women Empowerment in Zimbabwe
The positive coping mechanism

Negative copping mechanism:

Cutting trees and making charcoal, selling firewood etc.
Selling productive assets , belongings etc.
Transactional sex
Adolescent girls are being forced to early marriage
Trafficking of girls and children
Migration

Respondent : UNDP (coping mechanisms)

The positive coping mechanism :

Piecework – Day labor, Casual labor, mining workers south Africa to feed the households
Emergency Social Cash Transfers (ESCT) by the UN/INGOs and other CSOs
Running Small business
Remittance from male member
Support from relatives
Selling productive assets , selling some of household belongings
Selling of humanitarian assistance , ,

Negative copping mechanism:

Cutting trees and making charcoal, selling firewood etc.
Transactional sex
Adolescent girls are being forced to early marriage
Trafficking of girls and children
Migration

Recommendations – aftermath of cyclone Idai women work for casual labor, part-time job.
Drought /flooding impacted crop failure the marginalized community look alternative livelihood, causal labor , seek SMEs – for livestock, poultry, fisheries farming, running small business etc.
Access to some sources of funding for women household led livelihoods asserts e.g., Women Development Funds (WDF), Community Development Funds(CDF), loan for small business and entrepreneurship development on conditionality of meeting the collateral deposits.
For accessing green climate facilities and Mobile finances the cell phone Econet are doing mobile banking for Zimbabwean women in accessing microfinances
Accessing green finances for Climate smart income generating activities (IGA)
Provide Gender transformative training for gender inequality ( removing) ,
Need for capacity building equal in development programne
Planning – preparedness and response ,
Zimbabwe Red Cross Society (ZRCS)

This can be substantiated by other national projects which the government implemented such as the Land Reform Program (LRP),

Respondent : “Hope for Child in Christ” , Zimbabwe(coping mechanisms)

Copping mechanism:

The positive coping mechanism :

Remittance form male member
Piecework – Day labor, Casual labor, mining workers south Africa to feed the households
Emergency Social Cash Transfers (ESCT) by the UN/INGOs and other CSOs
Running Small business
Remittance from male member
Support from relatives
Selling productive assets , selling some of household belongings
Selling of humanitarian assistance , ,
Selling homestead agricultural outputs
Emergency Social Cash Transfers (ESCT) by the UN/INGOs and other CSOs
SMEs support
VSLAS (Village Saving & Loan Associations) support for starting agriculture
Women Development Funds (WDF) Microfinance and Women Empowerment in Zimbabwe

Negative copping mechanism:

Cutting trees and making charcoal, selling firewood etc.
Transactional sex
Adolescent girls are being forced to early marriage
Trafficking of girls and children

Respondent : Gender Department of Ministry of Women Affairs (coping mechanisms)

The positive coping mechanism :

Part-time job
Remittance form male member
Piecework – Day labor, Casual labor, mining workers south Africa to feed the households
Emergency Social Cash Transfers (ESCT) by the UN/INGOs and other CSOs
Running Small business
Remittance from male member
Support from relatives
Selling productive assets , selling some of household belongings
Selling of humanitarian assistance , ,
Selling homestead agricultural outputs
Emergency Social Cash Transfers (ESCT) by the UN/INGOs and other CSOs
SMEs support
VSLAS (Village Saving & Loan Associations) support for starting agriculture
Women Development Funds (WDF) Microfinance and Women Empowerment in Zimbabwe

Negative copping mechanism:

Cutting trees and making charcoal, selling firewood etc.
Transactional sex
Adolescent girls are being forced to early marriage
Trafficking of girls and children

4.3 key barriers effective women’s engagement in DRR and resilience building

Respondent UNDP ( barriers DRR and resilience building)

Inadequate DRM governance at all level ( national, provincial, district , ward and village level)
Inadequate gendered disaggregated data and tailormade informed tools for informing gender responsive DRM
Inadequate Gendered climate risk and vulnerability informed tools, information network, MIS system , gendered elements wise GIS risk and vulnerability map, GIS based map at all administrative level ( national, provincial, district , ward and village level) for supporting DRM/DRR/CCA related project/scheme design and implementation at local level
Inadequate local government DRM structure , stakeholder coordination mechanism, stakeholder receptibilities for DRM and DRR process
Inadequate gender machinery, lack of participatory local government system, lack of sectoral coordination at all level ( national, provincial, district , ward and village level) local government system , inadequate women and gender access to existing local government planning and decision making processes.
Lack of AAP Framework, collective action plans for HCT/INGOs and other stante4 and non state actors coordination structure and process and effective DRM and DRR interventions
Lack gendered climate and disaster risk financing framework for allocating gendered DRM and DRR schemes at local level
Inadequate gendered disaggregated data and tailormade informed tools for developing gendered ( women, girls and youth )needs and priority inclusive disaster emergency preparedness, contingency plan, humanitarian assistance mobilization .
Inadequate gendered disaggregated data, ( women, girls and youth ) , localized climate and multi-hazard risk and vulnerability information for quantifying the climate risk and vulnerability over the gender group, women headed households, and livelihood asserts.
Lack of AAP Framework for monitoring and create actors /stakeholder’s accountability in sectoral DRR interventions
Inadequate climate risk information for gender group, lack of operational forecasts for women, girls, youth. children, elderly and disabled age group for getting them prepared for the impending multi-hazards
Insufficient gendered climate risk and vulnerating information , informed tools to define gender entry point in risk informed DRR /LDP planning because of sector department inadequately being informed by the gender disagreed and gender differentiated climate and multi-hazard risk and vulnerability information
Inadequate tailor made informed tools on multi-hazard risk and vulnerability information on differential gendered impacts and developing risk-informed GiHA in EAP, EWEA, Forecast based early schemes and interventions
Activation of Forecast based SGBV, PSEA, SEA incidence reporting
WRD (Gender DRR and Resilience Farmwork ) framework, stakeholder coordination and action plan for improving Gender Machinery addressing the DRM, DRR, NAP and NDC
Inadequate methodology, tools and guidelines and stakeholder engagement(MVAC and other relevant stakeholders ) in Assessment of socioeconomic vulnerability of women headed household
Implementation of DRR projects for 5 years to harmonize the impacts of interventions
People mindset, Culture, mindset , religion, and patriarchal paradigm discourage women to speak and let their voice be heard Women participation in local level decision making process, Women are being discouraged , Women less influential
Promoting Women education, developing legal framework mandating women education , cash for female headed households
Involvement of more women led organizations in DRM & DRR planning and intervention at local level
Inadequate women household, single mother , windows access to assets, agricultural lands, women should own the agricultural lands, empowering women economic decision of use of land for DRR and CCA based scheme implementation and green entrepreneurship development.

Respondent : Department of Civil Protection (DCP) – Ministry of Local Government (barrier DRR and resilience building)

Challenges :

The national fiscal budget system focus on social cash transfer programe for the food security .
Multilingual Improved early warning system being disseminated through national Radio broadcasts, development of forecast based early action for women, operational forecast for women.
women DRM network at district level to inform local level DRM/DRR planning and interventions.
Gender responsive/inclusive local DRM/DRR/CCA/climate resilient plans ( GiHA, Emergency preparedness, Response, recovery, CCA
Women like to take care of children -not allocating time to spare , majority decline to be local member of local body, Women councilors have lot of household works to spare time regularly for decision making – so far need to promote digital governance system.
Women to fetch firewood, collect water , children and can not regularly attend the committee meetings .
Zimbabwe a patriarchal society, and women cannot talk to men very frequent, keep quite, can not raise their voice – patriarchal society not let women to speak out more, and women are falling in more social discrimination ,
Inadequate CRVA informed tools to support Planning process, GIS based maps /informed tools in local level planning .
Ministry of agriculture and social development need to provide supports of small holder farmers
Develop stakeholder Coordination platform , improve coordination and enforcement, recommendations, improve weather monitoring system /equipment, accessories
Civil protection funds for emergency rescue operations

Respondent : Gender Department of Ministry of Women Affairs (barrier DRR and resilience building)

Gender sensitive humanitarian coordination structures and GiHA
District development officer to conduct strong monitoring of SGBV, Lack of tracking issues intensifying the events , male and female policing for tracking and SGBV
Women volunteer engagement in search and rescue process to reduce the gender based violence
Women policing the camp level, gender friendly evacuation center, and food security for women until they are able to build their livelihood better and productive.
Promote more women led organizations , women entrepreneurship in productive sector, women led value chain operators and elimination discrimination at all level.
Installation and promoting horticulture scenter at every village level with demonstration all adaptive agriculture, IFM, livestock and poultry farming , agroforestry development etc. for more women contribution to GDP growth.
Econet to promote green microfinance for women, Credit facility for green entrepreneurships development, women led small holder farming development

Structured fiscal framework for affected community from ministry , required – ( SafetyNet) Local Government Finance Committee is the structed system for district level allocation

[1] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13753-021-00370-6

4.4 Recommendation on strengthening the resilience among vulnerable women and girls to climate induced disasters

Respondent: UNDP ( strengthen resilience)

Every district need to be mandated to develop contingency
Vulnerability/risk reduction , knowledge sharing and early warning at the local level.
DCP, ZImVAC, UN Agency and sector departments need to work together for developing district level early action protocol(EAP), forecast based early action, forecast based preposition of humanitarian assistance for the sector/cluster for better preparedness.
Improving and transitioning from traditional weather forecasting and alerting system to impact based forecasts for livelihoods, sectors and operational forecasts for women headed household , small holder farming and entrepreneurs.
More SafetyNet programe for ensuring food security
Community based contingency plans for emergency, resilience project, rehabilitation projects, resilience cash for work, IGA, climate information on seasonal forecasting, access to market(package ), host emergency assessment , tree plantation along the river bank, IGA
Digitizing SLS, VSLS – Ministry of agriculture (WFP), access
Access to financing, capital, key barriers to women resilience to disaster
Improving income, strengthening market access, IGA, key value chain, Women on agriculture, children medication.

Respondent – Department of Civil Protection (DCP) – Ministry of Local Government ( strengthen resilience)

More right based approach in elimination of all from of discrimination against women
Gender Access to planning and decision making
Strengthening gender machinery and risk-integrated local climate governance process
Gender access to local level DRM/DRR planning and decision making process
Climate risk financing framework for gendered DRM and DRR development at local level
Women access to development finance , green climate finance, green entrepreneurship development finance
Gender ( women, girls, children, youth, disable population ) access to climate risk information, impact based weather forecast for gendered group, sector specific operational forecasts for the sector etc.
Gender inlcusve GiHA, DRR , DRM
Inadequate tailor made informed tools on multi-hazard risk and vulnerability information on differential gendered impacts and developing risk-informed GiHA in EAP, EWEA, Forecast based early schemes and interventions
Activation of Forecast based SGBV, PSEA, SEA incidence reporting
WRD (Gender DRR and Resilience Farmwork ) framework, stakeholder coordination and action plan for improving Gender Machinery addressing the DRM, DRR, NAP and NDC
Inadequate methodology, tools and guidelines and stakeholder engagement(MVAC and other relevant stakeholders ) in Assessment of socioeconomic vulnerability of women headed household
Implementation of DRR projects for 5 years to harmonize the impacts of interventions
People mindset, Culture, mindset , religion, and patriarchal paradigm discourage women to speak and let their voice be heard Women participation in local level decision making process, Women are being discouraged , Women less influential
Promoting Women education, developing legal framework mandating women education , cash for female headed households
Involvement of more women led organizations in DRM & DRR planning and intervention at local level
Inadequate women household, single mother , windows access to assets, agricultural lands, women should own the agricultural lands, empowering women economic decision of use of land for DRR and CCA based scheme implementation and green entrepreneurship development.

Respondent : Gender Department of Ministry of Women Affairs ( strengthen resilience)

Reform of land tenure policy and Women access to agricultural lands, wetland , agroecology, agroforestry, fellow lands for women led GDP growth from productive sector ( agriculture, fisheries, livestock, agroforestry development)
Gender representation at local government level planning and decision making process
Elimination of all violence against women, girls and children
Gender ( women, girls, children, youth, disable population ) access to climate risk information, impact based weather forecast for gendered group, sector specific operational forecasts for the sector etc.
Gender focused GiHA, DRR , DRM
Gendered climate risk informed tools on multi-hazard risk and vulnerability information on differential gendered impacts and developing risk-informed GiHA in EAP, EWEA, Forecast based early schemes and interventions
Activation of Forecast based SGBV, PSEA, SEA incidence reporting
Promoting Women education( distant learning), developing legal framework against the SGBV, mandating women education and climate risk awareness with distant learning ( National Radio/TV)
Women, girls, youth access to local level DRR/DRM planning and decision making process
Green financing framework for women marginalized farmers, smallholder farmers, women led cooperatives, women led green entrepreneurships development

Respondent : Youth Group:

Provisioning climate change impact, disaster risk and vulnerability related education in secondary and post secondary curriculum and extracurricular IEC for the students and non-schooling girls and women
Developing and disseminating of impact based weather forecasts for girls /adolescence mother
Girls, adolescence mother access to local level DRR, civil protection planning and decision making process

Respondent : “Hope for Child in Christ” , Zimbabwe ( strengthen resilience)

National media outlet need to broadcast special weather bulletin in local language for undereating forecasts by all vulnerable group
Government need to liberalize the land tenure/management policy and provide access to women in agricultural lands, wetland , agroecology, agroforestry, fellow lands for women led GDP growth from productive sector ( agriculture, fisheries, livestock, agroforestry development)
Women led agriculture value chain development, women led community based cooperative development for climate adaptive IFM farming, high-value agriculture cropping, fisheries, livestock, agroforestry development.
Agritex need to develop horticulture in every village with development of integrated farm management , seedling, sapling for the farmers, water management, irrigation, plot demonstration of climate tolerant cropping, fisheries, livestock, agroforestry development

5. 0 Chapter: Focus Group Interview with community

Organized field visit to the Ward 15 of Cimanimani District and conducted the 1^st Focus Group Discussion (FGD)in the Ward 15 with ward level village civil protection coordination committee (VCPCC) semi-structed focus group interview questionnaire. The FGD session being participated by around 30 CPC members. The CPC discussed about the several issues relating to DRM and DRR, community given the feedback about the multi-hazard early warning, what is their understandability of warning message (by differential gender age group) what are the indicative challenges in emergency evacuations, receiving emergency food and NFI supports, and community recommendations for improving the service deliveries. Aftermath of disaster what are the differential impacts that community experience individually by the women, children, youth and disable population, what are the urgent needs and priorities and copping mechanism of surviving from the disaster shocks. In Recovery phase what are the priority that community understand for the building back better from last cyclone and flood disaster. Explore responsibilities VCPCC in DRR and DRM resilience building at community and individual level.

In the second Focus Group Discussion (FGD) conducted at Ward 21 (Cimanimani District) participated small-holder women farmers/individuals also demanded more precision level and instant national radio and TV broadcasts in dissemination in early warning, supply fee solar-powered radio set, wind up Radio set to every household instant receive early warning messages. VCPCC demanded gender friendly, flood proof designated evacuation center. Prepositioning lifesaving NFIs to most vulnerable households so that remote community can timely receive emergency food and NFI supports. In Recovery phase community demanded more inclusive financial packages for undertaking household level IGA generating activities ( livestock, homestead integrated firm management -IFM, poultry farming etc.), developing women led entrepreneurship and promoting market value-chain.

1st Focus Group Meeting Discussion (FGD) with Cimanimani District, Ward 15(Eastern-Zimbabwe)

2nd Focus Group Meeting Discussion (FGD) with Cimanimani District, Ward 21(Eastern-Zimbabwe)

How community receive early warning of cyclone, flood and drought and is the information understandable?

The committee mentioned about the receiving of early wring through Chimanimai community Radio as because of the ward 15 having close proximity with Chimanimai township and other sources of WhatsApp group of VCPCC and the traditional method of Whistle blow/Megaphone by the volunteers, Women getting warning message form school children etc. But the VCPCC mentioned about the barrier of early warning dissemination process which is cascading, push messing style and the warning sensitization process coming across the domino effect over the group based interaction process(Civil protection committee) which result delay, inefficient and ineffective awareness to the vast people living out of mobile network coverage and out of community radio frequency range . The traditional and cascading human channel driven multi-hazard and disaster warning system creating confusion about the warning.

The national media outlets( Radio, TV ) can broadcast swiftly /real time and can sufficiently play roles of mass awareness over the impending multi-hazards and extreme weather events by special weather bulletin broadcasting cyclone, heavy rain, tornado, thunderstorm quite frequently. The critical complains from the community that the national media outlets do broadcast cyclone early warning after the news which lead to mass mortality of vulnerable community not aware of intensity of cyclone and accompanied thundershower trigged immediate flash flooding and immediate consequences of household and settlements being locating along the water runoff drainage channel and downstream. Community demanded understandable impact based multi-hazard early warning being broadcast through national electronic media( Radio/TV/SMS/ Cell Broadcast/IVR etc).

The committee demanded free radio set and precision level and timely early warning. The committee demanded household based inclusive finances for disaster recovery and household income generating actives, food and livelihood security etc.

The VCPCC ( Village Civil Protection Coordination Committee) recommendations on EWS & disseminations ;

National AM Radio, TV, Community radio, SMS, IVR message during cyclone impeding situation special weather bulletining in every 20/30 minutes , hourly information dissemination with impact based forecasts and advisories on what to do and when to evacuate.
Impact based weather forecasts for the sector, operational forecasts for women , girls on impending multi-hazards.
National AM Radio, TV, Community radio to broadcast on mass education about climate change impacts, multi-hazards, climate adaptative living, adaptive practice, resilience practices etc., for mass awareness.

Figure : Existing wary warning dissemination process

Requirements of designated multi-purpose disaster shelter.
Community needs multi-purpose, gender friendly, utility services enabled disaster shelter with secured storage facilities to keep their belongings.
Providing transport facilities, emergency lifesaving food-NFI items and other facilities for the gender group (women, children, girls, elderly, disable population)

emergency forecast /early warning based early preparation training and mock drill on before the hazard takes the landfall/disasters are highly likely to take place.
VCPCC to constantly provide the feedback with their UHF/VHF radio to EOC about the community level preparedness measures, emergency evacuation status, energy humanitarian needs and priorities of relief and other NFIs etc.
Feedback mechanism of community preparedness
Village headwomen, women member of the CPC and other social council women members to report the District civil protection coordination committee (DCPCC) and District EOC about the needs and priorities of women headed households.
Event situations update on women headed households
Emergency prepares drill.
Emergency Evacuation support
Community understandable impact-based forecasts, weather warning, altering on rapid-onset multi-hazards e.g., heavy rainfall, thunderstorm, cyclone, flash flooding, landslide, mudslide et.
Government to mandate national Radio /TV and relevant agencies/actors frequently broadcasting special weather bulletin on cyclone, heavy rainfall, thunderstorm about intensity, anticipatory impacts, loss and damage and advisories for the high impact areas.
Instant Messing with Local Language
Interactive Voice response, Cell Broadcast, SMS etc. so that community can understand themselves about the intensity of hazards

The VCPCC recommendations on community based DRM :

Figure : Proposed community based DRM structures

Developing on real-time radio broadcasts and advisories :

The traditional participatory consultation process (Chieftainship) being practiced for forecasted weather risk interpretation and early warning dissemination until CPCC meeting being called by Group village headman Village headman being decided for evacuation to safe ground/evacuation center. In traditional warning dissemination system Meteorological Service Department (MSD) and The Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management jointly to analyze the multi-hazard risk and vulnerabilities of met agency issue bad weather forecasts, accordingly, deliver the early warning message community radio, social network (WhatsApp, Facebook).

Over the next step , the local CPCC, DRM and volunteer group organize the VCPCC level meeting and disseminate of early warning, create understandability of risk perception about the impending multi-hazards. As a result, there are mortalities of women, children, girls and youth. Ironically another social stigma of patriarchal domination over the household level critical decision making in which the women entirely need to depend on male member and remains as the last person( women, children, girls, disable population) to take shelter at safe ground along with belongings/asserts in normal circumstances that the male member are away from home. The most indicative early warning dissemination and evacuation barrier that The VCPCC in group meeting decide and advice for sheltering.

Vulnerable community need precision level cyclone early warning, for this shortcoming community deliberately ignored and were not aware about the cyclone Idai early warning and it contributed high mortality for the following reasons;

The VCPCC member mentioned about getting message in delay as because of message are being transmitted through the nested loop.
Vulnerable community having less understandability of about the intensity, frequency and anticipatory loss and damage level of the warnings are receiving.
National AM Radio/FM Radio/TV need to broadcast the special weather bulletin in very 10-15 minutes during cyclone already takes landfall at Mozambican coast and heading towards the locality and need to broadcast in all local language.
Government needs to mandate the national cell phone to transmit SMS in very frequently with most of the local language.
The early warning for heavy rainfall triggered flash flooding recently being activated in only riverine flood prone districts of Zimbabwe.

Provide Flood Forecasts:

Challenges: Community based flood forecast, and early warning are in place in most flood vulnerable district but still impact based flood forecasts, forecast based anticipatory action and preparedness are required.

Recommendations:

Household and Community demanded free radio set (solar PV power, winding) for accessing radio broadcast based early warning

Community radio/ National radio to broadcast multi-hazard early warning timely with all local language.
Demanded Tool free cell phone communication/message by CPCC members.
Toll free IVR/ cell broadcasts
Livestock and Fisheries disaggregated climate impact data.
Community to listen Radio /TV broadcasts for emergency preparedness until VCPCC in group meeting advice for sheltering
Technical capacity of understanding the warning
Women, girls understandably about the early warning
Women need to decide when, where and how to take shelter to safe ground.

Community radio, National radio, Tool free cell phone communication, IVR, Cell broadcasts on humanitarian situations , awareness about SGBV etc.

VCPCC Suggestions/recommendations to the government about (improving) early warnings for cyclone, floods, flash floods, heavy rainfall and drought

Preparedness:

Installation of gender friendly multi-purpose evacuation center
Transport facility for emergency evacuation
Emergency prepositioning of Food during difficult situation ( energy biscuits, dry foods etc.)
Emergency water treatment tablets, WASH kits , rainwater harvesting system in every household

Provide training and mock drill on emergency evacuation for sudden onset disaster ( heavy rainfall, flash floodings , landslide, thunderstorm, tornadoes etc.) .

Emergency forecast /early warning based early preparation related training and mock drill on before the hazard takes the landfall/disasters are highly likely to take place.
CPCCs to constantly provide the feedback with their UHF/VHF radio to EOC about the community level preparedness measures, emergency evacuation status, energy humanitarian needs and priorities of relief and other NFIs etc.
Village headwomen, women member of the CPCCs and other social council women members to report the District CPCC /EOC about the needs and priorities of women headed households
Community need multi-purpose, gender friendly, utility services enabled disaster shelter with secured storage facilities to keep their belongings

Early Earning:

Community understandable impact based forecasts, weather warning, altering on rapid-onset multi-hazards e.g., heavy rainfall, thunderstorm, cyclone, flash flooding, landslide, mudslide et.
Interactive Voice response, Cell Broadcast, SMS etc. so that community can understand themselves about the intensity of hazards
Government to mandate national Radio /TV and relevant agencies/actors frequently broadcasting special weather bulletin on cyclone, heavy rainfall, thunderstorm about intensity, anticipatory impacts, loss and damage and advisories for the high impact areas.
Mobile network operator Econet to provide free SMS with local language to community
Household an Community demanded free radio set ( solar PV power, winding ) for accessing radio broadcast based early warning
Mandating national radio and Community radio station to broadcast cyclone early warning , broadcast multi-hazard early warning timely with all local language recurrently. Government mandate the media outlets to broadcast special weather bulletin on heavy rainfall and anticipatory flash flooding
Civil Protection Coordination Committees (CPCCs) demanded tool free cell phone communication/message – Toll free IVR/ cell broadcasts.
Community need to access emergency weather bulletin recurrently coming from national radio/TV media outlets about extreme weather events (heavy rainfall and induced flash flooding and landslide ) for swift and preemptive evacuation and preparedness ( individual and group based ). Emergency decisions should be exclusively be followed by the forecast based early actions, it should be delegated by the Chieftaincy chaired decisions being agreed by the energy community meetings.

Emergency Excavation drill

Emergency evacuation drills need to be conducted in every village, TA communities level. Given that circumstances that flash floods likely to trigger aftermath of accumulation of heavy rainfall and triggering the flash flooding through slope and lower drainage changes and adjacent settlements are likely to be damaged.

Transportation support:

Providing transport facilities, emergency lifesaving food-NFI items and other facilities for the gender group ( women, children, girls, elderly, disable population )

Prepositioning of lifesaving emergency food and NFI :

Zimbabwe Red Cross Society (ZRCS), DCP, UN agency, INGOs, NGSs, CSO supply most urgent lifesaving kits considering the physical road/waterways communication disruption.

In what ways climate induced disasters impact?

Overall impacts of all gender group:

Direct impacts of climate shocks: Due to terrain Zimbabwean terrain topography( eastern , western and northern districts ), geographical settings and recurrent incidence of extreme weather events and already persisted extreme poverty factored the hydrometrical hazards and impacts, most of the respondent mentioned about human, food and livelihood insecurity. The anomaly of weather pattern (draught, flash-droughts, agricultural drought, hydrometeorological drought, flooding, heatwave, thunderstorm etc.) impacts over the agriculture and recurrent incidence of the crop failure, yield loss, drought, sometimes flash floods, thunderstorms are continuing to hamper the agriculture cropping and leaving household with food insecurity.

Ripple/domino/residual effects of cyclone, flood, drought induced hazards /disaster: Aftermath of flooding, flash flooding, cyclones, heatwaves etc., there are another wave of hazards triggers drinking water crisis induced outbreaks cholera , diarrheal and other waterborne diseases, vector borne infectious diseases, viral infections. Malaria, infectious fever etc., those causes of significant mortalities and incidentally the large victims are women, children, and girls.
Drought cause of agriculture yield loss, food insecurity and famine
Chronic Food insecurity: There are multiple level of multi-hazards events, flood, flash floods, drought, heatwaves damaging crops, delaying cropping season, yield lost etc., stress over surface and ground waterbody etc.
Water in scarcity for homestand gardening
Protracted Poverty, Hunger, Famine:
Internal displacement (IDP), climate refugee status entitle less access to state and non-state running basic service deliveries

a] Impact over Women ______________________________:

Longer time living Tent/shelter (until rebuilding/repair of houses): Community demanded longer time livable camp/shelter for the vulnerable group, because of government intended to reopen school’s weeks aftermath of disaster events where most of the marooned community shelter and disrupts schooling and education.
Social insecurity, victim of SGBV and psychosocial trauma:
Being forced to negative copping mechanism:
Vulnerable to human trafficking
Living as single mother due to husbands left away
Highest level of divorces
Highest level of child marriage
Highest level of adolescence motherhood ( after cyclone Freddy )
Highest level of Level of child trafficking
Highest level of SGBV, PSEA,SEA, transactional sex for survival
Highest level of women loan defaulter because husband taking their all the wallet ( mobile money) money and away from home and systematically putting then in peril
highest level of public health disaster due to poor and no access to WASH facilities, drinking water access (during flooding) which leads the higher level of female and children mortality.
Highest level of social, political, economic discrimination against women, as they are being systematically exploited by the social power structure group, social elite and socially constricted norms and inequalities.
All those persistent and recurrent climates induced crisis, protected poverty, social inequalities, social injustice, patriarchal dominion led deprivation, socially constructed inequality paradigm putting women in peril and tangled then unequivocally.
Women accessing to agricultural, livestock and fisheries value chain input supplies, government led subsidies, supports are inadequate and inbuilt patriarchal-masculinity muscle, sociocultural norms and discriminatory approaches largely hurdling /depriving women, single mother to access services.
Ripple/domino/residual effects of cyclone, flood, drought induced hazards /disaster: Aftermath of flooding, flash flooding, cyclones, heatwaves etc., there are another wave of hazards triggers drinking water crisis induced outbreaks cholera, diarrheal and other waterborne diseases, vector borne infectious diseases, viral infections. Malaria, infectious fever etc., those causes of significant mortalities and incidentally the large victims are women, children, and girls.
Pregnant women face difficult situation during disaster induced forced displacement and living in evacuation center without having neonatal services, healthcare services, nutrition, food assistance etc.
Drought cause of agriculture yield loss, food insecurity and famine
Chronic Food insecurity: There are multiple level of multi-hazards events, flood, flash floods, drought, heatwaves damaging crops, delaying cropping season, yield lost etc., stress over surface and ground waterbody etc.
Water in scarcity for homestand gardening
Protracted Poverty, Hunger, Famine:

SGBV Paradigm triggers aftermath of disaster

The persistent poverty, hunger, famine and inbuilt social inequality, cultural factors already ( single mother, widow , single adolescence mother) in tangles of all discrimination and additionally the climate change impacts further worsening them over the fragile livelihood cycle contribute the incidence SGBV events.
Aftermath to disaster those most vulnerable group become completely hopeless because of losing every assert by disaster to take care of a number of dependents and then systematically being pushed to transactional sex and being systematically harassed by the social elites and economically enabled group.
Due to disturbance of natural ecosystem, polluted surface waterbodies/water sources then, women headed family need to travel longer to fetch drinking water, other necessities and become victim of SGBV, and highest level of unwanted adolescent pregnancies.

b] Impact over adolescent girls ______________________________:

Highest level of unwanted adolescent pregnancies due to above reasons.
Pregnant women face difficult situation during disaster induced forced displacement and living in evacuation center without having neonatal services, healthcare services, nutrition, food etc.
Early marriage, divorces, birth related complicates, maternal mortality, malnutrition, single motherhood
Mortality due to health disaster due to poor and no access to WASH facilities, drinking water access (during flooding) which leads the higher level of female and children mortality.
Drop of Education: Highest level of educational dropouts of secondary and postsecondary and element level of students because of climate crises, supporting family for food and water security , famine, poverty &inequality , SGBV, human trafficking etc.
Persistent dependency on lifesaving humanitarian assistant and IDP shelters/tents
Lack of Adolescence girls friendly emergency Shelter : Gender friendly emergency safe shelter for the most vulnerable group( Women, children, girls, youth, elderly, person with disability).
Protracted food insecurity and hunger
The multiple factors tangled and trapping into the Protracted and vicious cycle food insecurity and hunger in round the year
The anomaly of rainy season seriously impact cropping, yield losses and putting households in famine, hunger and uncertainties of food security.
State, nonstate food supplies are inadequate and followed by the disaster recovery external assistance and not comes as regular interventions, so far frontline community need to depend on growing season

c] The Men __________________________________________________

Pushed to migrate as labour for long time to feed their family as migrant workers/casual labor – less time for taking care of family,
Climate refuge, IDP status and for longer period
Longer term dependency on humanitarian support : Most of the cases community not be able to weeks after build the livelihood better for the poverty, Loss and damage of the houses, belongings to return back to their houses. Extreme poverty stricken women headed households particularly single mother, widow, divorces does have any means of livelihood assets, productive livelihood asserts to feed their family and other dependable member of the family in the given situation of colossal level damaging disaster ( cyclone, flooding) the community demanded humanitarian support and startup capital for building back their houses and starting IGA.

d] Persons with disability _________________________________________

Lack of disability friendly shelter, lack of transport for evacuations, inadequate government support for disability IGA

d] The Elderly __________________________________________________

Lack of elderly friendly shelter, lack of transport for evacuations, lack of inadequate government support for IGA. Lack of startup capital for home based IGA activities ( crafting, small business )

In what ways can the protection of women after disasters be enhanced

Access to inclusive finance for startup livelihood activities
Training on productive assets development farming
Technical and vocational training ( animal husbandry, poultry rearing, fruit gendering )
Technical Training in SMES development ( food processing, small business, marketing, input value chain supplies for livestock, agriculture, poultry, vegetables, fruits etc.)
Technical and vocational training for lean period works
Startup capital for running small business
Engaging women in agriculture value chain development
Inclusive financial supporting for group/cooperative women led green entrepreneurship development(Integrated Farm Management, Fenced area development for livestock farming, Poultry farming, mini-pond based fish farming, Fruit gardening, agroforestry development, high value cropping etc.)
Technical training on climate adaptive farming, rainwater harvesting, soil health improvements, IFM, FYM, INM etc., for round the year cropping.
Vocational training on agroforestry development
Green financing for group/cooperatives based green entrepreneurship development
Support for Women rebuilding their destroyed houses within weeks/months and having no other place to leave.
Longer term recovery support for Women in food security, social security, startup capital for starting IGA :
Protection from SGBV, social security, psychosocial support for IDPs
Inclusive financial support for startup of IGA (bank account for women, social cash transfer, cash grant, VLSA, microcredits, mobile money for development, etc.) agriculture inputs supply, support for livestock and poultry, fish culture etc) for livelihood restoration, starting household based IGA for generating productive assets,
Capacity building training for IGA activities, group/cooperative based small holder farming, , green shed for round the year homestead based gardening,
Access to agricultural land, surface irrigation facilities, drip irrigation facilities, rainwater harvesting facilities, veterinary services for poultry/livestock, seedling/sapling support
Agritex and other NGOSs/CSOs to set up Farmers Field school for the climate vulnerable community , women lead farmers, women small holder farmers to access them in all agricultural input supplies ( seeds, seedling, saplings, drip irrigation, organic fertilization, IFM, etc) , plot demonstrations of climate tolerant varieties , early harvesting varieties, high-value cropping, livestock farming, poultry farming, fish culture etc.
Setup climate kiosk for women small holder framers.
Crop Diversification, Cropping intensification
Value chain promotion
Livelihood diversification
Livestock
Solar irrigation
SGBV alerting system
Solar PV Borehole
Green shed cropping
Value chain access
Agroforestry development
Banana cropping
Supplement irrigation /IWRM

What coping mechanisms were adopted by

Positive copping mechanism:

Peace work – from casual labor , seasonal labor, construction workers, technician jobs to other countries
Staring livelihood income generating activities (maize cropping, fruit trees, poultry, livestock some extent etc.
Depends on government running food supply (Mazie of bag) aftermath of cyclone and floods.
Depend Emergency Social Cash Transfers (ESCT)
VSLA (Village saving and loan association) savings maximum 20 USD for the household for six months
Banana cropping

Negative copping mechanism:

Sales of productive assets (poultry, livestock, belongings )
Transactional sex in exchange of money, support
Cutting trees and making charcoal, selling charcoal, Selling of firewood those are contributing deforestation

Recommendations :

Need technical and vocational training for income generating support : Welding, electrician, plumbing, mechanical technician training,
Agriculture support – Seasonal cropping, seedling , sapling of winter vegetables
Support for small business
Support for Growing season ( Winter season ) cropping – Input supply ( irrigation, fertilizer )
Financial/seedling/sapling Support for livelihood productive assets
AIP support
Rainy season farming

Table : Seasonal hazard calendar (to be maintained by herders )

Agriculture support – Seasonal cropping, seedling , sapling of winter vegetables
Support for small business
Support for farming – Input supply ( irrigation, fertilizer )
Financial/seedling/sapling Support for livelihood productive assets
Agritex support for productive farming

a] Women ______________________________

Positive copping mechanism:

Peace work – from casual labor , part-time work
Negative copping mechanism:
Sales of productive assets (poultry, livestock, belongings )
Transactional sex in exchange of money, support
Cutting trees and making charcoal, selling charcoal, Selling of firewood those are contributing deforestation and environmental degradation

b] Men _________________________________

Positive copping mechanism:

Peace work – from casual labor hardly can purchasing maize for everyday meal.

Negative copping mechanism:

Sales of productive assets (poultry, livestock, belongings)
Cutting trees and making charcoal, selling charcoal, Selling of firewood those are contributing deforestation

Recommendations :

Need technical and vocational training for income generating support : Welding, electrician, plumbing, mechanical technician training,
Extra care for children
Pregnant women – water cholera, diarrheal, emotional distress of losing everything
Person with disability need support
Normally over 200 people shelter in a makeshift shelter, houses collapse and

How were the needy families and individuals identified after a disaster such as Idai ?

Zimbabwe has experienced the most devastating natural disaster in the country’s recorded history. Cyclone Idai hit the eastern part of Zimbabwe on 15th March 2019 . Strong winds and heavy rain totaling 200mm to 600mm (equivalent to 1–2 seasons) caused flash flooding across parts of the provinces of Manicaland, Mashonaland East and Masvingo, which are home to 44 % of the country’s population. At least 344 people have been recorded dead and at least 257 people are still missing, and about 60,000 people have been displaced by the cyclone Idai.

To enable affected communities recover faster, what would your priority needs be?

Capacity development of Human capital
Access Financial capital
Access to Natural capital
Access to inclusive finance for startup livelihood activities
Training on productive assets development farming
Technical and vocational training ( animal husbandry, poultry rearing, fruit gendering )
Technical Training in SME development ( food processing, small business, marketing, input value chain supplies for livestock, agriculture, poultry, vegetables, fruits etc.)
Technical and vocational training for lean period works
Startup capital for running small business
Engaging women in agriculture value chain development
Inclusive financial supporting for group/cooperative women led green entrepreneurship development( Integrated Farm Management, Fenced area development for livestock farming, Poultry farming, mini-pond based fish farming, Fruit gardening, agroforestry development, high value cropping etc.)
Technical training on climate adaptive farming, rainwater harvesting, soil health improvements, IFM, FYM, INM etc., for round the year cropping.
Vocational training on high value cropping, livestock farming, poultry farming, household green shed based round the year cropping, agroforestry development

What are the key barriers in recovery here at the community level?

Government regulatory measures over the land and water management :
Inadequate institutional decentralized technical supports for the remote rural community for boosting growth from productive rural sector e.g., Water supply and irrigation for Agriculture and drinking, Livestock farming, Poultry farming and fish culture , agroforestry development, homestead gardening, value chain development etc.
Government controlled over the land management, land ownership, land control policies are the most institutional barrier for getting rural community access to agricultural land for cropping, fellow land for agroforestry development and fruit gardening, and other productive farming.
Most indicative barrier again the inadequate irrigation infrastructures, integrated water resource management infrastructure and services, drainage network for producing surface irrigation access to rural farming
Inadequate rainwater harvesting structures, rural water control structures, drainage network and services for rural community for access to surface irrigation for boosting rural agriculture.
Access to finance :
Inclusive financial supporting for group/cooperative women led green entrepreneurship development( Integrated Farm Management, Fenced area development for livestock farming, Poultry farming, mini-pond based fish farming, Fruit gardening, agroforestry development, high value cropping etc.)
Startup capital for running small business
Engaging women in agriculture value chain development
Access to inclusive finance for startup livelihood activities
Access Financial capital
Access to Natural capital
Inadequate disaster recovery framework for rural productive sector :
Inadequate intervention package for the individual farmers, small holder farmers
Inadequate sectoral climate risk and vulnerability assessment, local agroecology, soil health , ecology based DRR/CCA scheme design, plot demonstration and commercial farming
Inadequate/insufficient DAE/Agriculture/water sector initiative for essential irrigation support
Inadequate farmers field school (FFS) and horticulture development in every village and supporting individual and stallholder framers for round the year subsistence and conservational farming
Inadequate disaster risk finance, incentives, subsidies , financial package, green shed/greenhouse structure support for marginalized farmers for round the year cropping etc.
Inadequate Sectoral support for the productive farming :
Lack of farmers field school, horticulture, agriculture input supply trigger points for supplying seeding, sapling to remote rural community for subsistence and conservative farming.
IGA Capacity building:
Technical Training in SMES development ( food processing, small business, marketing, input value chain supplies for livestock, agriculture, poultry, vegetables, fruits etc.)
Training on productive assets development farming
Technical and vocational training ( animal husbandry, poultry rearing, fruit gendering )
Technical and vocational training for lean period works
Technical training on climate adaptive farming, rainwater harvesting, soil health improvements, IFM, FYM, INM etc., for round the year cropping.
Vocational training on agroforestry development
Technical training for development of Human capital

Inadequate knowledge and understanding about changing climate and impending multi-hazards
Lack of government mass education campaign (media outlet – Radio /TV based) for knowledge and awareness raising of marginalized rural community for DRR/CCA and resilience building.
Inadequate Gender Resilient Framework :
Lack of organizational interventions for marginalized women in scheme design, scheme financing, value chain development and cooperatives framing for more GDP contribution from productive rural growth sector ( Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Poultry farming , small business and entrepreneurship development)

The level of Climate induced disaster impact women, men, girls and boys differently ( with justification) .

From the cyclone Idai mortality at least 344 people have been recorded dead and at least 257 people are still missing, and about 60,000 people have been displaced and largely contributed by the Women, children, girls are the and boys and person with disabilities in compared with men.

The respondents mentioned following root causes for differential impacts

Lessons form TCF release that the patriarchal domination over the critical evacuation also contributed women and children larger casualties.
women and vulnerable members having lack of awareness, understandability about the intensity and destructive nature of cyclone, flash floods in their locality as because of government /organization driven awareness campaign quite insufficient
Inadequate warning message and untimely dissemination factored the high impacts, loss and damages of livelihoods, properties and mortality.

What are your key recommendations for enhancing resilience opportunities for women and girls?

The Gender in Humanitarian Action (GiHA) : Development of forecast based GiHA protocol for the women/single mother and girls headed households
Financial collateral issues are the barrier for the poor women/girls for accessing for smallholder farming loans from commercial banking for small-holder farming, poultry farming, livestock farming, fish-culture etc.
Encouraging farmers to group based farming
Green shed/green house for farmers
Access to startup capital from green climate funds, women resilience funds (WRF)
AVC and market linkage for the small holder farmers
Community Bank for agri-loan
Access to climate and multi-hazard risk-information system
Access to DRR/CCA planning and decision making process
Access to inclusive finance
Access to Agroecology, agricultural land and farming
Access to Farming value chain and inputs
Access to Disaster and Climate Risk management Governance system
Social Protection, reducing SGBV and Safety Nets
Access to climate change and multi-hazard education and knowledge
Development of Gender climate risk network
Development and implantation of GiHA

Access to climate and multi-hazard risk-information system – Access to c
Access to DRR/CCA planning and decision making process –
Access to inclusive finance
Access to Agroecology, agricultural land and farming
Access to Farming value chain and inputs
Access to Disaster and Climate Risk management Governance system
Social Protection, reducing SGBV and Safety Nets
Access to climate change and multi-hazard education and knowledge
Development of Gender climate risk network
Development and implantation of GiHA

What would you like to suggest government for making your household resilience to disaster and climate change?

Village Savings and Loan Associations – access to microcredit facilities :
Improved farming methodologies :
Strengthen WLOs :
Enhance access and linkages to market :
Enhance access to clean energy facilities at domestic level :
Social Protection and Safety Nets :
Development and implantation of GiHA

In what ways can your voice be better heard by the authorities to enhance prevention to disasters?

Development of Women DRM network and action plan
Development of impact weather forecasts, operational forecasts for women, children and girls
Development evidence based tools and dissemination: Develop impact based extreme weather forecasts, developing bulletin and sensitizing the stakeholders, agencies, actors about the consequences of impending multi-hazards, spill effects, secondary shocks and outbreaks and anticipatory human disaster , Loss and damages are likely.
Developing forecast based early action protocol : Let government , humanitarian actors be understand the level of gender group are vulnerable to impeding cyclone, flood, flash floods, drought, landslide, outbreaks and diseases (cholera, diarrhea, infections disease , malaria, yellow fever and other communicable diseases)
Developing forecast based financing protocol and sensitizing humanitarian actors about the anticipatory finance and humanitarian assistance need to be mobilized.
Develop forecast on medium slow onset hazards e.g. hydrometeorological drought, agricultural drought, flash drought, water stress situation and drinking water crisis etc. for early actions.
Development gender DRM network/framework for supplying tailormade information to sector ministries, departments and other state, non-state actors for risk-informed gendered DRM/DRR/CAA action planning targeting most vulnerable women headed rural households.
Emergency Food Supply, NFI, social security, psychosocial support for IDPs : ZRCS, Charity, CSO, INGOs, Government to run the emergency gruel kitchen for feeding the vulnerable community until they are able to build themselves better for starting income generating activities.
Gender security, social security, psychosocial support for IDPs.
Gender friendly Camp setup, camp management, security, pre-positioning lifesaving Food/NFI and need based supplies of assistance for the gender group.
Emergency WASH facility, drinking water, nutrition for children etc.

6.0 Chapter: Key findings/ Recommendations on Women Resilience to Disaster (WRD)

Female are the disproportionately the larger part of the society and contributing agriculture domestic GDP( In 2022, agriculture contributed around 26.73 percent to the GDP of Mozambique, Malawi 22.1%, and Zimbabwe 7.19 ) to local economy are still significant in given climate change hardship context and women are living in climate frontline. The state and non-state actors insignificant efforts of lifting women from the protracted poverty tangles, food and livelihood insecurity induced largely by the climate change impacts.

The process of decentralization mostly to handing over the governments administrative layers/post and some sector departments at district level, however the persistent centralized governance tangles still to decentralized budget and fiscal autonomy at district level government development perception still need stronger political vide, and commitment and budgetary and fiscal facility for gender empowerment, gender engaged individual and stakeholder farming, local agroecology based rural economy development and boosting local resilience.

Typically, districts being recognized as local development domain, but the given countries local governments are not fully decentralized and having no electoral local government body to govern the local government machineries and simultaneously to legislate local development local level planning, budgeting and resource allocations and government functionaries. However, the colonial bureaucracies are still controlling the local government system and some level having setup at province level and not being fully decentralized are Distinct level which results lack of structure of stakeholder coordination gap to mastermind the district centric multi-stakeholder coordinated DRM and DRR actionable and coordinated planning and interventions being hurdled. On the other hand, the paradigm local level planning decisions being biased by central bureaucracies and power structured political elites, masculinity. In these given circumstances with absence of structed gender machineries, gender dimensions, gender DRM/DRR framework, gendered climate risk informed tools, gendered socioeconomic vulnerability tailormade and evidence based informed tools to inevitably influence the government planning and budgeting entities to identify the entry point of inclusivity of gendered responsive DRM/DRR planning and inclusive budgetary process. However, to date the central government strides in gender inclusivity to local planning and DRR development process comes as generic and reactive manner with some narratives not as indispensable agenda of considerations of the larger size of population and potential the GDP contribution from the rural growth sector (agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, livestock, agroforestry, SMEs, food processing etc.) to contribute hugely to local and national economy.

However only designating the gender professionals at some sectoral level can hardly influence the persistent bureaucratic dimension of power and decision making process at the District and down level, rather the gender machinery, government mandates , climate risk-informed tools, gender socioeconomic vulnerability , climate risk information network and gender DRR/DRM network can advocate gender fitness all administrative process, local development planning , DRM, DRR, CCA planning process.

Creating the sense of ownership in central(National/Provincial) and local level(Province/District/Ward/Village) level over the paradoxical of bureaucratic governance pattern where women voices being hard we need a clear evidence based and gendered climate risk-informed tools for fostering the planning and budgeting processes.

6.1 Gendered DRR Frameworks and Approach

Establish DRM gender framework :

Without having the gendered DRM framework supported by the gendered climate risk information, it is apparently being difficult to find the entry point and advocacy tools of making tangled bureaucratic system understand the importance of gender dimension in local economy devilment, potential gendered productive sector eg., agriculture, livestock, poultry, fisheries, agroforestry, high value cropping, food process enterprises, local green entrepreneurship , NAP localization and full scale climate adaptive rural growths can largely be driven by the large women population living at the frontline.

Figure: Proposed gendered climate resilient framework outlined the functional components of local level functionaries

Establishment of Gendered Risk management Network-Web based (Framework)
Improving Gender machinery Gendered DRM coordination at local level
District level Gendered DRM information Network
District level SGBV information network

Capacity enhancement of government planning Ministry, Planning commission in risk-informed planning, strategy development and decision-making process

Risk informed Policy, strategy, planning institutional capacity of Planning Ministry, Planning Commission, planning officials.
DRR/CCA progmmare planning by relevant line ministries, sector line departments.
Identify of Entry point for Differential gendered impact of multi-hazard and climate risk and vulnerability integration in planning process

Formulation of District Gender Risk management framework/ District Women Resilience Framework

Gendered risk-informed Responsive District Development Plan Framework (DDPF)
Transforming and transitioning from ad hoc based disaster emergency interventions to long -term disaster risk reductions for enhancing actors and vulnerable community capacity for averting the slow onset ripple effects aftermath of majors hazards and disaster
Improve coordination and decentralized structure of comprehensive community engagement in local DRM/DRR process
District DRM progarmme (DRMP) essentially has to be five year strategy and need to address/ consider the recurrent and persistent multi-hazard risks and vulnerabilities, residual/cascading and ripple effects major disasters ( floods, landslides induced water borne disease and epidemics ).
DRMP need to all articulating the legal framework to tackle SGBV, the DRM laws also to mandate of state and non-state actors to strictly follow the legal procedures against SGBV during disaster emergencies.
District level Annual development programming ( ADP) and interventions from the government DDP/DRMP and budgeting allocations need to set the annual targets of community based DRR with pivotal milestone in council’s commitment to enhancing resilience, preparedness, and response capacities of women headed households.
Unique District council coordination structure and functionaries for developing DDP/DRMP/Contingency Planning at district level
District risk management governance need to establish stakeholder integrated M&E framework for regular reporting and progress tracking of all stakeholders on DRR and resilience building( women headed households).

Women Resilience Framework :/ DRM governance pattern

Risk considering in Resilient Physical infrastructure (climate, multi-hazard and disaster proof) , basic service delivery structural development planning
Level planning process strongly considering the magnitude, frequency, intensity and damage level basic infrastructure, services, critical structures and facilities being heavily damaged past disaster through CRVA/PDNA risk raking, considering Highest Flooding level , damage level .
District development plan, Village development plan, District and Village level sectoral development plan
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) , Standing Orders on Disaster at (SOD)
DRM Plan, Risk contingency plans at national and sub national level

6.2 Development and deployment of Early warning for all :

The assessment country does not have clear road map of Sendai framework of Early warning for all functional process development, as result impact forecast development, forecast broadcasting, transmission and dissemination is being done haphazardly which leading to some level of untimely dissemination , and precision level detailed advisories also an improvement issues that being entrusted to NMHS and other sector department to work together to develop integrated forecasting. The proposed roadmap of EWS for all working in following diagram ;

Figure : Diagram of EWS for all

Figure : Proposed EWS for all value chain to be handled jointly by EoC/Met Agency /NMHS /DCP and other sectoral ICT Units

Improving ICT driven DRM governance at all levels (national, district, province, ward, village) :

The current DRM governance mechanism is managing disaster emergency response paradigm based which is inadequate to function the integrated multi-hazards, disaster, changing climate impacts, DRR, CCA, NAP portfolios and multi-stakeholders coordination.

The lack of Develop gender response and multi-stakeholders coordination DRM framework at all level (national, district, province, ward, village). Strong multi-stakeholders coordinated and gender response DRM structures for gendered DRR and resilience building Challenges :
Paradigm shift and transitioning from the existing DRM coordination process to undertake post- disaster emergency response based ad-hoc interventions by Civil Protection Committee to risk-informed multistakeholder coordination DRM and DRR for local level gender empowerment and development
Enhancing capacity of DCP based on current mandate (civil protection/ emergency preparedness and response)
Improving DRM governances at Provincial and district level with DRM staffing and capacity building in DRM .
Develop DRM planning at Provincial and district level with clearly defining the multi-stakeholders map ( state, nonstate, UN agencies, INGOs, national NGOS, CSOs, Charities, Private Sectors, Local Institutions, academia , youth girls organization, WLO, local charities etc.)
Installation of Emergency Operations Center and SOP for supporting all early warnings, operational forecasts, EWS for women, girls/ youth group, children, disabilities
Sector and sectoral elements specific, farmers, Women led category of entrepreneurs specific special impact weather forecast , operational forecasts.
Structural DRM support for the women small holder farmers ( water access, drainage system, access to agricultural land, access to surface water /irrigation, access to solar PV powered irrigation, access to AVC inputs, horticulture supports, access to market etc.) . Develop Local agroecology based DRM and DRR projects and pilot demonstration in every village and community level horticulture for supplying all agricultural inputs for promoting community based DRR scheme.

Setup EOCs at province, district level and improvement of Multi-hazard early warning system:

Development precision-level weather forecasts: The Met agency needs to specialize more in developing high-resolution seasonal, decadal, weekly, 3 days, and 5 days weather forecasts. It also needs to develop a dynamic and statistical downscale model rapidly developing thunderstorms (RDT of Meteo France) for predicting heavy rainfall and thunderstorms.
Improving surface observation system: Upgrading MSD weather oversedations system, acquiring 5km grid data sets on surface observation, installing more AWS with synoptic conditions tracking sensors, drone radar, laser ceilometer, radiosonde, and rain gauging instrument, using EUMETCast lightning sensor data for tracking thunderstorms, Flood level gauging from the river system, and flood forecasting and modeling.
Development of impact-based weather forecasts and operational forecasts: Develop methodology and guidelines on how to organize forecast briefing with guidelines on who will be the participants, how to interpret the risks by organizing discussion and analyzing weather model/outlook subject matter specialists ( Agrometeorologist, hydrologist, geomorphologist, water resource engineer, Plant scientist, Agri engineer, drought experts, landslide expert, agroecologist, ecologists, meteorologist, synoptic engineers, geomorphologist, etc.) along with forecasters( long, medium, short range), Numerical Weather Prediction(NWP) engineers/specialists, Synoptic Engineer and organize the forecast beliefs/discussion about the anticipatory impacts, risk and vulnerability and eventually developing impact forecasts. The multi-hazard risk analysis over the elements( is not a designated responsibility of EOC operators) is a group work, and the outlined specialists need to develop customized tools, methodology, guidelines on impact-based forecasts, and operational forecasts for the sector, sectoral elements, lives and livelihood elements on the ground. Analysis weather phenomena and interpretation of risks and vulnerabilities .
MSD needs to develop high-resolution gridded forecasts and analyze damaging and beneficial impacts of impending weather parameters over the lives and livelihoods( elements). Met agency need to establish a pool of Technical experts/specialists( Agrometeorologist, hydrologist, geomorphologist, water resource engineer, Plant scientist, Agri engineer, drought experts, landslide expert, agroecologist, ecologists, meteorologist, synoptic engineers, geomorphologist, etc.) for interpreting the extreme weather phenomena being forecasted. Developing methodology, tools, guidelines on transplantation and interpretation risk and vulnerabilities of predicted impending weather phenomena/parameters. Detailed analysis of Impacts and effects of ongoing onset weather events and developing bulletins. Developing special weather bulletins for women, elderly, girls and youth group onset of tornadoes, thunderstorms, heavy rainfall, cyclone , flash flooding, landslide etc.

Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to develop Early Action Protocol (EAP) :

Develop forecast-based early action protocol, anticipatory loss and damage(L & D), and impacts level and instantly broadcast the messages so that every women-headed household is adequately warned /alerted. National media outlets need to play pivotal role ( in local language) by broadcasting distant learning education progamme ( radio/TV) for awareness
EOC to develop early warning-based anticipatory early actions advisories/bulletins for the women-headed households about what to do in the given early warnings and impending hazard conditions so that they are well alerted and well prepared.

The Gender in Humanitarian Action (GiHA) : Development of forecast-based GiHA protocol for the women/single mother and girls-headed households

Develop national risk financing framework ( gender focused) : The Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs need to develop National risk financing framework and DRR budgetary allocation in every fiscal your budgeting ( with gender based allocations)

Develop national risk financing framework
Lack of national risk financing framework : Government budget is managed through the Budgets Department of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development which has a mandate to consolidate and analyze budget requests submitted from state institutions, communicate approved budgets, and monitor the implementation of approved budgets.
In 2017, the DCP under the Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing has received an annual regular budget of USD 286.000 (representing 0,004 per cent[1] of the Ministry allocated budget). This amount is not adequate for the implementation of DRM activities.

Mandating Local authorities’ planning and budgets : Local authorities budgets are separate from central Government budget; these being composed of local revenue.

Strengthen National DRM Framework

Apply integrated approach from response, recovery, reconstruction, to risk reduction and preparedness based on
sound disaster risk assessment, and to mainstream DRM in all sectors, through formulation/revision and enactment of DRM Bill, development of DRM Policy and DRM Strategy in line with Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Development: Enhancing capacity of DCP based on DRM, recovery and resilience mandate (emergency preparedness, response, risk reduction, recovery and resilience). This entails increasing capacities at the central level in terms of staff, technical capacity, and resources; reinforce.
Improving Cyclone and Flood Forecasting and Early Warning: Enhance forecasting and early warning for cyclone and flood events through strengthened real time observation network, early warning system, and capacity development for ZINWA and MSD.
Anchoring SARCOF Southern Africa Region Climate Outlook Forum with MSD and EOC at Harare

6.3 Methodology, tools and stakeholder coordination for Development SADD :

SADD on demographic , socioeconomic and sectoral multi-hazard and climate risk information data collection, collocation and developing tailormade informed tools is an essential components for risk-informed DRM, DRR, CCA planning projects. Zimbabwe does have any clear roadmap, methodology, guidelines and tools for systemically collect data from the households. A clear roadmap, stakeholder map and responsibilities headed by the ZimVAC, ZimStat, DCP, and other local governments organs and CSO need to mobilized the SADD data collections for support gender responsive and risk-informed development. Following proposed diagram showing the stakeholder coordinating structure of governing the SADD process.

[1] [1] Capacity Assessment of the Disaster Risk Management System in Zimbabwe, UN May 2017

Figure : SADD Data collection mechanism

Figure : Proposed Stakeholder coordination, data and information exchange mechanism and SADD data collection functional process

Recommendations:

Informed tools for gender analysis in sectoral assessment and DRR/DRM/CCA planning considering the gender inequalities in government sectoral basic services delivery at local level
Develop Methodology, tools and guidelines of CRVA, community risk assessment, PDNA, JNA, Rapid Impact and Needs Assessment (RINA) & Initial assessment by NDMO/Sector department/humanitarian agency in first 1-6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours for saving lives (utilization of drone, satellite image, UAV, GIS maps, CRVA maps and elements database)
Methodology, tools process for analyzing gender impacts after conducting CRVA, PDNA, RINA, JNA and other assessment using SADDD , tools and process for clearly defining the differential impacts on exposure, risk , vulnerability and sensitivity over gender for better preparedness , operational planning and capacity building.
Capacity of national Statistical Office, sector department and relevant R & D organizations in gender impacts disaster and multi-hazard and climate risk and vulnerability SADDD data collection, and GIS based informed tools processing, identifying where informed tools needed and generate additional data that captures gender issues including by organizational and household survey.
Evidence based planning and gender responsive planning capacity of planning department, sector department
Capacity development of the National Statistical Office, Ministry for development planning, relevant line ministries and government officials at national and subnational levels to understand the importance of collection, analysis and use of disaggregated data for DRR policy and planning; and (UN Women in collaboration with the UNDRR ) develop the capacity of governments to collect, analyze and report on sex, age and disability disaggregated data) ( Without gender analysis and SADDD, the disaster vulnerabilities and impacts of disasters on women and girls are often rendered invisible and this deprioritizes their needs and capacities in disaster risk management and humanitarian response.
Tailormade SADDD for gender analysis in the necessary information to integrate gender perspectives into disaster risk reduction, climate change, risk-informed development and resilience laws, policies, strategies, plans, programmes, and projects
Utilization of SADDD data in planning efficient disaster risk reduction, resilience, and risk-informed development strategies, programs, and projects that address both men’s and women’s needs and reduce inequalities.

6.4 Improving UN , Government and multi-stakeholder Coordination Mechanism in DRM and DRR Functionaries

The assessment identified key gaps in UN , Government and multi-stakeholder coordination mechanism in DRM, DRR, CCA related actional planning, programming, intervention design and implementations. The UN HCT coordination mainly limited to mobilizing the emergency post disaster humanitarian assistances. Government still to develop climate risk management framework , actionable coronation structure and localization of gender responsive DRM,DRR, CCA interventions at the local last-mile.

Proposed diagram showing the coordination structure and risk- informed tools to be incorporated for gender responsive planning and intervention implementation.

Figure : Diagram Proposed UN- Coordination with Department of Civil Protection (DCP)

6.5 Community level risk-informed gender development approach

To sketch a roadmap to WRD process from the assessment that have been thoroughly investigated the existing systemic government structure, long term perspective planning, medium term planning and strategies( 5 years) and actionable shot-term planning( Annual Development Program -ADP) , strategies and identified that the in place government system and top-down approaches are inadequately gender responsive and been strategic approaches in policy, planning and multi-stakeholder engagement . However, for bridging the last-mile bottom-up participatory gendered risk-governance gap, the assessment proposing following risk informed community level gendered climate governance and actional interventions implementation process.

Figure : Community level risk-informed gender development approach

Climate resilient green entrepreneurship development
Women Access to green finances
Women Access to forecast based finances
Women/single mother/adolescence girls leadership role in local civil protection and DRM community
State, nonstate and CSO’s roles/responsibility, accountability to affected population (AAP) at the local level
Women’s leadership in local-level DRR/CCA intervention planning and scheme implementation
State, nonstate and CSOs running GBV reporting network
Women-led agricultural value chain development
Women improve access to local government sectoral services deliveries
Climate information network and information services for women entrepreneurship, awareness raising of girls, and youth groups.
Access to impact-based weather forecasts, forecast-based early action services
Distance learning mass media-based climate education, adaptive/conservative and subsistence agricultural practices locally.
Climate resilient green entrepreneurship development

6.6 SGBV tracking network and dissemination system (Proposed )

Robust information management network & violence reporting (web based/geospatial), Social monitoring, networking, women led policing for reducing PESA and SGBV incidence

National media outlet( Radio/TV) based constant broadcasting on humanitarian situations and GBV incidence

Figure : Proposed SGBV tracking and reporting network

Zimbabwe

Undertake cross-border analysis of the gendered impacts of climate induced hazards in Zimbabwe

2.0 Existing key DRR Frameworks and Approach

2.1 How is the UN/government supporting collection and access to SADD at: ; (challenges and recommendations)

2.2 UN engagement in DRM coordination

6.0 Chapter: Key findings/ Recommendations on Women Resilience to Disaster (WRD)

6.4 Improving UN , Government and multi-stakeholder Coordination Mechanism in DRM and DRR Functionaries

Multi-hazard Early Warning Center (MHEWC)